Aircraft Microwave Observations and Simulations of Deep Convection from 18 to 183 GHz. Part I: Observations

Adler, Robert F.; Mack, Robert A.; Prasad, N. V.; Hakkarinen, Ida M.; Yeh, H.-Y. M.

doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0377:amoaso>2.0.co;2

Cited by 48 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Studies on the microwave radiometric signatures of precipitation have been made quite extensively in the past two decades, especially at frequencies below 85 GHz [Wilheit et al, 1977[Wilheit et al, , 1982[Wilheit et al, , 1991Rodgers et al, 1979;Prabhakara et al, 1986;Spencer et al, 1989;Weinman and Guetter, 1977;Chang et al, 1993;Vivekahandan et al, 1993;Bauer and Grody, 1995]. Over an ocean surface a radiometer operating at these low frequencies predominantly responds to absorption and emission of raindrops, although scattering signatures from storms have also been observed at both 37 and 85 GHz [Spencer et al, 1989;Wilheit et al, 1982;Adler et al, 1990]. Indeed, the currently available satellite sensors operating at these low-frequency regions, such as the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I), have been routinely used for rain rate estimation [Chang et al, 1994;Huffman et al, 1997].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on the storm-associated radiometric signatures at frequencies higher than ->85 GHz are not as prominent. Several reports based on airborne radiometric observations in the frequency range of 89-220 GHz have appeared in the literature in recent years [Wilheit et al, 1982;Adler et al, 1990;Wang et al, 1994Wang et al, , 1997. A study using the orbiting SSM/T-2 (special sensor microwave/temperature-2) observations at frequencies of 91, 150, 183.3 _+ 1, 183.3 _+ 3, and 183.3 _+ 7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple aircraft microwave observations of storms over the western Pacific Ocean

Wang¹,

Zhan²,

Racette³

1998

Radio Science

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Abstract. During the second half (January-February 1993) of the intensive observation phase of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA/COARE), NASA deployed both DC-8 and ER-2 research aircraft in Townsville, Australia. A number of flights were made over the western Pacific Ocean With the objective of studying strong equatorial convection and clouds. A host of microwave radiometers operating in the frequency range of 10-220 GHz were placed on board both aircraft. Many other instruments were also present in both aircraft; among them was a 13.8-GHz radar in the DC-8 aircraft that provides reflectivity profiles of atmospheric hydrometeors essential for the present study. Observations were made by both aircraft on weather systems of convection as well as of cloud radiation. Some of these observations were conducted with both aircraft flying over the same regions at near coincidence but different altitudes. The nearly concurrent microwave radiometric measurements at comparable frequencies from the two aircraft at the altitudes of about 11 and 20 km provide a unique means to examine the properties of hydrometeors associated with storms. Three well-coordinated DC-8 and ER-2 aircraft flights over storms are described below. All of the microwave radiometers and the 13.8-GHz radar functioned normally during these flights. Some radiometers on the ER-2 and the DC-8 aircraft have comparable frequencies; signatures acquired by these radiometers from these flights are analyzed in detail. It is shown that storm-associated brightness temperature depressions observed at frequencies -<90 GHz from two different altitudes are quite comparable. At high frequencies ->150 GHz the brightness temperature depressions observed at 20-km altitude are significantly larger than those observed at 11-km altitude in some portions of the storms. This suggests the presence of hydrometeors in the 11-to 20-km altitude region that effectively scatter radiation at frequencies ->150 GHz.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple aircraft microwave observations of storms over the western Pacific Ocean

Wang¹,

Zhan²,

Racette³

1998

Radio Science

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“…This is because, even though both liquid and ice hydrometeors backscatter upwelling radiation which tends to reduce brightness temperatures, the ice hydrometeors do not replace it with their own thermallyemitted radiation as do the liquid droplets. High resolution aircraft radiometer data (Adler et al, 1989;Spencer et al, 1994) have revealed Tb as low as 100 K at 37 GHz and 50 K near 90 GHz, temperatures 130 ~ to 180 ~ lower than can be explained by liquid hydrometeors alone. Clearly, large ice hydrometeors extending well up into the MSU2 weighting function (Figure 1), and radiatively capable of reducing brightness temperatures by over 100 ~ will have a dominant influence when compared to liquid phase clouds which exist below the freezing level altitude, shielded by oxygen emission, and which are incapable of reducing brightness temperatures much below their thermometric temperature.…”

Section: Msu Channels 1 and 2 Sense Different Hydrometeor Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A technical comment: Analysis of ?examination of ?global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements??

1996

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The potential for residual hydrometeor contamination effects in the global temperature time series produced by Spencer and Christy from MSU channel 2 (MSU2) data has been addressed by Prabhakara et al. (1995Prabhakara et al. ( , 1996. They use tropical oceanic MSU channel 1 (MSU1) data to estimate the hydrometeor effects on MSU2. We present several lines of evidence to show that their technique greatly overestimates the hydrometeor effects on MSU2. This overestimation is due to the faulty assumption that the hydrometeors that cause MSU1 warming are the same as (or always exist with) the hydrometeors that cause cooling in MSU2. Instead, the hydrometeors responsible for MSU1 wanning are liquid phase, while those responsible for MSU2 cooling are large ice particles. Because liquid phase clouds are much more widespread than the large-ice portions of deep convective systems, their method greatly overestimates the areal coverage of contaminated tropical MSU2 data. In addition, we show that the convective screening procedure of Spencer and Christy removes the negative correlation between MSU1 and MSU2 their conclusions rest upon. Radiosonde validation of monthly tropical MSU2 anomalies over the tropical West Pacific also support these conclusions.

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“…Observational studies (Adler et al 1990;Bennartz and Bauer 2003;Hakkarinen and Adler 1988;Liu and Curry 1998;Petty 2001;Spencer et al 1989;Wilheit et al 1982;Wu and Weinman 1984) have shown that brightness temperature near 85 GHz can be strongly depressed because of the presence of precipitating-size ice particles. The scattering effects of ice clouds are strongly frequency dependent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Path from Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS)

Sun

Weng

2012

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F-16 spacecraft measures the Earth-emitted radiation at frequencies from 19 to 183 GHz. From its high-frequency channels at 91 and 150 GHz, cloud microphysical parameters can be observed at a spatial resolution of 15 km. In this study, a simplified two-stream radiative transfer model is applied for microwave applications as a three-parameter equation and then used to retrieve the ice cloud water path (IWP) and ice particle effective diameter D e . Since SSMIS is a conically scanning instrument, the retrieved IWP is less dependent on scan position and is a useful product for imaging atmospheric ice-phase clouds related to precipitation. Thus, IWP is also used to estimate surface rainfall rate through the same relationship derived previously and used in Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder applications. The SSMIS-derived ice cloud products are compared with those from other microwave instruments on the MetOp-A satellite, and both agree well in their spatial distributions.

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Aircraft Microwave Observations and Simulations of Deep Convection from 18 to 183 GHz. Part I: Observations

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Multiple aircraft microwave observations of storms over the western Pacific Ocean

Multiple aircraft microwave observations of storms over the western Pacific Ocean

A technical comment: Analysis of ?examination of ?global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements??

Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Path from Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS)

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