Neuroinflammation is regarded as one of the pathogenic factors of Alzheimer disease (AD). Previously, we showed that mice regularly injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) possessed the AD-like symptoms like episodic memory decline, elevated amounts of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide (1–42), and decreased levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, is an attractive idea of regenerative medicine, in particular, for neurodegenerative disorders like AD. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether pathogenic effect of LPS on the brain and behavior of mice can be prevented or treated by injection of MSCs or MSC-produced soluble factors. Fluorescently-labeled MSCs, injected intravenously, were found in the brain blood vessels of LPS-treated mice. Mice co-injected with LPS and MSCs did not demonstrate episodic memory impairment, Aβ (1–42) accumulation, and nAChR decrease in the brain and brain mitochondria. Their mitochondria released less cytochrome c under the effect of Ca 2+ compared to mitochondria of LPS-only-treated mice. Moreover, MSCs could reverse the pathogenic symptoms developed 3 weeks after LPS injection. Cultured MSCs produced IL-6 in response to LPS and MSCs effect in vivo was accompanied by additional stimulation of both micro- and macroglia. Xenogeneic (human) MSCs were almost as efficient as allogeneic (mouse) ones and regular injections of human MSC-conditioned medium also produced positive effect. These data allow suggesting MSCs as a potential therapeutic tool to cure neuroinflammation-related cognitive pathology.

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e object of the paper is to show the heterogeneity of 300 cord samples processed in the current research. e differences in effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) isolation are shown. Moreover, the recommendations for choosing the method of MSC isolation depending on the value of stromal-vascular rate are given. e data can be useful for selecting the optimal conditions to obtain MSC and for further cryopreservation of umbilical cord tissue.

Лабораторія клітинних та тканинних культур відділу клітинних та тканинних технологій, Інститут генетичної та регенеративної медицини НАМН України, Київ, Україна Фенотипові зміни і проліферативний потенціал мезенхімальних стовбурових клітин з вартонових драглів пуповини людини в умовах культивування Анотація Мета. Розробити протокол отримання мезенхімальних стовбурових клітин (МСК) з вартонових драглів пуповини людини, дослідити їх фенотипові зміни і проліферативний потенціал в умовах культивування. Матеріали і методи. МСК пуповини людини культивували протягом 6 пасажів. Для дослідження морфологічних характеристик клітин у культурі застосовували методики забарвлення гематоксиліном та еозином, адаптовані для використання у культурах клітин, за Романовським-Гімзе, толуїдиновим синім. Для забарвлення ядерної ДНК використовували реагенти-інтеркалятори: Hoechst 33342, DАРІ та Еthidium bromid. Експресію поверхневих маркерів МСК (CD105, CD90, CD73 , CD34) досліджували за допомогою FACS-аналізу. Результати. В культурі МСК зберігають морфологічну ідентичність протягом 2 пасажів. В подальшому спостерігають тенденцію до зменшення інтенсивності експресії маркерів МСК, ознаки деградації культури, появу на пізніх пасажах спонтанного адипогенного та хондрогенного диференціювання. Висновки. При культивуванні МСК пуповини людини протягом 2 пасажів зберігають морфологічні характеристики і проліферативний потенціал, в подальшому вони втрачають мезенхімальний мультипотентний фенотип.

Cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) under physiological oxygen tensions has beneficial effect on their properties. The aim of the present work was to examine the effects of mild hypoxic conditions on the morphologic behavior of MSC from human Wharton jelly (WJ-MSC). Methods. WJ-MSC were obtained by an explant method and cultured in gas mixtures containing 3 % O 2 , 4 % CO 2 and 93 % nitrogen or argon. At each passage the cultures were fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The morphometric analysis of microphotographs was performed, and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (NCR) and the width/length ratio were calculated. Results. The difference in NCR and the width/length ratio was detected between WJ-MSC cultures at various passages and between the cultures at the same passage, maintained in different gas mixtures. The highest level of morphological homogeneity was observed at passage 2. At passage 3, the cells with senescent morphology can be observed. The degree of heterogeneity in populations cultured at 3 % O 2 appeared to be lower than under standard conditions. WJ-MSC, cultured in the nitrogen-based gas mixture were the most homogeneous. Conclusions. The changes in WJ-MSC culture morphology were observed at early passages. The level of morphological heterogeneity varied with the cultivation time. The conditions of mild hypoxia had a positive impact on the cultured cells. K e y w o r d s: mesenchymal stem cells, Wharton jelly, morphology, hypoxia, argon К л юч е в ы е с л ов а: мезенхимальные стволовые клетки, Вартонов студень, гипоксия, морфология, аргон

The immediate impetus for this article is the increasing media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic, which offers homeschooling with distance learning elements as a replacement for traditional schooling. The conditions of a pandemic are not easy for educational organizations. This is due to the specifics of educational programs in schools, and also to some features of the students' families' socio-economic situations. The parents of many students have few financial means. These students may not have even basic conditions at home to systematically study remotely; for example, they may not have an equipped workplace, a computer, or a tablet connected to the Internet. In the process of distance learning, schoolchildren are much less likely to rely on help and support from their own parents. This is due both to the parents' employment in their own work and to any lack of pedagogical competence they may have to support home-schooling. The coronavirus barrier to learning is proving formidable for many students.

The article raises the problems of intracellular spatial and temporal organization of metabolism, signaling, and energy supply of these processes. To provide cell functions, the enzymes of metabolic chains, molecules of signaling pathways, and macroergs (as units of molecular interactions, accompanied by energy consumption) should find their partners and get their precise spatial relationship. The current views are based on ideas of compartmentalization of all processes as local sites of cellular matrix membrane, where specific stages of different metabolic cycles take place. The assembly of complexes of macromolecules in the number and combinations, required for their adequate functioning in the space of a cell, is generally described as intracellular transport of vesicles, implemented by mobile elements of cytoske-leton. Inside the vesicle there is «effective load»-macromolecules. The membranes of these vesicles fuse with specific sites of the matrix membranes and therefore relocate macromolecules. Neither calculations nor assumptions allow explaining precise formation of enzymatic chains, their interaction, signaling, etc. on this basis. Such transport of macromolecules (inside vesicles) enables solving other tasks. The concept of search-and-address systems in the form of space-scanning micro vesicles is proposed and well-grounded for purposes of searching for partners, forming chains and complexes, and building compartments. The micro vesicles collect corresponding chains of enzymes, signaling, and ensure the interactions on their surface. These micro vesicles are exactly those compartments, which provide for both precision of processes and their relationship.