Charrs of the genus Salvelinus from the ultraoligotrophic Lake Dal'nee Maar differ from anadro mous Dolly Varden S. malma in larger head with elongated jaws, larger gill cover, lower body with a deep cau dal peduncle and short pelvic fins displaced anteriorly, larger number of scales in the lateral line, and larger number of rays in the unpaired fins. The lacustrine charrs also differ from the maternal Dolly Varden popu lation in longer free part of the maxilla, lower widths of the opercular bones, and narrower suspensorium. Polymorphism of mtDNA is low, and unique haplotypes of the D loop control region are not revealed. The life span of the lacustrine charrs reaches 11 years; and their maximum length and weight are 47 cm and 820 g. The spawning is registered in the fall at the slope of the bottom near the mouth of the single stream flowing into the lake. The abundance of the spawning group slightly exceeds 1000 individuals. This group is recruited from offspring migrating during their early life to the stream with limited food resources, and more numerous progeny remaining in the lake do not reach sexual maturity. The main food sources of adult charrs during summer are planktonic crustaceans, imago of insects, and own juveniles.
Analysis of early steps in muscular system development of invertebrates and vertebrates shows that early steps of myogenesis are regulated by genes-orthologs mainly belonging to two families, Pax and bHLH. In the majority of the following organisms, muscles formation (steps of determination and the earliest steps of myogenesis) is regulated by genes orthologs Pax3 which belong to the family Pax: nematodes (Caenorhab ditis elegans, Pristionchus pacificus), insects (Drosophila melanogaster), echinoderms (Strongylocentrotus pur puratus), sea squirts (Ciona intestinalis, Holocynthia roretzi), fishes (Danio rerio), amphibians (Xenopus lae vis), birds, and mammals (mouse, rat). The nematode C. elegans is an exception since formation of its muscles in this period is regulated by homeobox gene Pal 1 belonging to the family Caudal. The sea squirt C. intesti nalis is also an exception because the earliest steps of development involved in further muscle formation are accompanied by activation of the gene CiSna (snail) (gene family basic Zinc finger). The next steps of myo genesis in all analyzed species are regulated by genes orthologs belonging to the family of transcriptional fac tors bHLH. They along with genes Pax3 are characterized by a high extent of homology in all studied groups of animals.
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