IntroductionNanoscale gold particles (AuNPs) have wide perspectives for biomedical applications because of their unique biological properties, as antioxidative activity and potentials for drug delivery.Aims and objectivesThe aim was to test effects of AuNPs using suggested heart failure rat model to compare with proved medication Simdax, to test gold nanoparticle for drug delivery, and to test sonoporation effect to increase nanoparticles delivery into myocardial cells.Material and methodsWe performed biosafety and biocompatibility tests for AuNPs and conjugate with Simdax. For in vivo tests, we included Wistar rats weighing 180–200 g (n = 54), received doxorubicin in cumulative dose of 12.0 mg/kg to model advance heart failure, registered by ultrasonography. We formed six groups: the first three groups of animals received, respectively, 0.06 ml Simdax, AuNPs, and conjugate (AuNPs-Simdax), intrapleurally, and the second three received them intravenously. The seventh group was control (saline). We performed dynamic assessment of heart failure regression in vivo measuring hydrothorax. Sonoporation of gold nanoparticles to cardiomyocytes was tested.ResultsWe designed and constructed colloidal, spherical gold nanoparticles, AuNPs-Simdax conjugate, both founded biosafety (in cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunoreactivity). In all animals of the six groups after the third day post-medication injection, no ascites and liver enlargement were registered (P < 0.001 vs controls). Conjugate injection showed significantly higher hydrothorax reduction than Simdax injection only (P < 0.01); gold nanoparticle injection showed significantly higher results than Simdax injection (P < 0.05). AuNPs and conjugate showed no significant difference for rat recovery. Difference in rat life continuity was significant between Simdax vs AuNPs (P < 0.05) and Simdax vs conjugate (P < 0.05). Sonoporation enhances AuNP transfer into the cell and mitochondria that were highly localized, superior to controls (P < 0.01 for both).ConclusionsGold nanoparticles of 30 nm and its AuNPs-Simdax conjugate gave positive results in biosafety and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. AuNPs-Simdax and AuNPs have similar significant cardioprotective effects in rats with doxorubicin-induced heart failure, higher than that of Simdax. Intrapleural (local) delivery is preferred over intravenous (systemic) delivery according to all tested parameters. Sonoporation is able to enhance gold nanoparticle delivery to myocardial cells in vivo.

In recent decades, the attention of scientists has been drawn towards nanoparticles (NPs) of metals and metalloids. Traditional methods for the manufacturing of NPs are now being extensively studied. However, disadvantages such as the use of toxic agents and high energy consumption associated with chemical and physical processes impede their continued use in various fields. In this article, we analyse the relevance of the use of living systems and their components for the development of "green" synthesis of nano-objects with exceptional properties and a wide range of applications. The use of nano-biotechnological methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles has the potential of large-scale application and high commercial potential. Bacteria are an extremely convenient target for green nanoparticle synthesis due to their variety and ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. Synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms can occur both intracellularly and extracellularly. It is known that individual bacteria are able to bind and concentrate dissolved metal ions and metalloids, thereby detoxifying their environment. There are various bacteria cellular components such as enzymes, proteins, peptides, pigments, which are involved in the formation of nanoparticles. Bio-intensive manufacturing of NPs is environmentally friendly and inexpensive and requires low energy consumption. Some biosynthetic NPs are used as heterogeneous catalysts for environmental restoration, exhibiting higher catalytic efficiency due to their stability and increased biocompatibility. Bacteria used as nanofactories can provide a new approach to the removal of metal or metalloid ions and the production of materials with unique properties. Although a wide range of NPs have been biosynthetic and their synthetic mechanisms have been proposed, some of these mechanisms are not known in detail. This review focuses on the synthesis and catalytic applications of NPs obtained using bacteria. Known mechanisms of bioreduction and prospects for the development of NPs for catalytic applications are discussed.

The article overviews the potential biomedical applications of nanoscale gold particles for predictive, preventive and personalised nanomedicine in cardiology. The review demonstrates the wide opportunities for gold nanoparticles due to their unique biological properties. The use of gold nanoparticles in cardiology is promising to develop fundamentally new methods of diagnosis and treatment. The nanotheranostics in cardiovascular diseases allows the non-invasive imaging associated with simultaneous therapeutic intervention and predicting treatment outcomes. Imaging may reflect the effectiveness of treatment and has become a fundamental optimisation setting for therapeutic protocol. Combining the application of biomolecular and cellular therapies with nanotechnologies foresees the development of complex integrated nanodevices. Nanocardiology may challenge existing healthcare system and economic benefits as cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality at present.

Modern industrial poultry farming occupies a leading position in the production of dietary foods, for which it is appropriate to use biologically active substances and probiotics. The study compared the effectiveness of compound feed with the addition of sodium selenite, bio-nano-selenium and L. plantarum in terms of body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and safety of experimental quail. The quails of the Pharaoh meat breed were kept in the vivarium of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University and by the method of analogues were divided into 4 groups - control and three experimental ones. The duration of the study was 35 days. The results of the study indicate that the use in the quail’s diet of probiotics (L. plantarum) and selenium preparations (sodium selenite and bio-nano-selenium) leads to a predominance of poultry experimental groups in live weight over control analogs. It was found that the growth of bird’s live weight during the experiment differed depending on the use of the Selenium medication or probiotic, and the most intense effect on live weight of quails was the use of bio-nanоselenium in the diet of poultry (11.8% at the end of the experiment). Changes in absolute and average daily body weight gains of experimental birds have been clarified. The use of sodium selenite in the diet of quail caused a tendency for an increase in gains compared with control analogs at the beginning of the study and a downward trend during the fifth week of the study. It was found that the use of probiotics and bio-nano-selenium caused an increase in quail growth, which was more pronounced and reliable when feeding bio-nano-selenium. The obtained results show that probiotic and selenium preparations reduce feed consumption by 1 kg of weight gain, body weight increase by 3.05–11.8% and by 3.3–6.6% increase the safety of the experimental livestock with the best indicators in the group, receiving bio-nano-selenium.

The article is devoted to the mechanisms of regulation of redox processes in cells, a review of the Keap1 / Nrf2 / ARE redox-sensitive signaling system as a fundamental pathway that plays a key role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis under stressful, inflammatory, carcinogenic and proapoptotic conditions. The structure of the cysteine-rich repressor protein Keap1, which is responsible for sensory perception of electrophiles and reactive oxygen species, the structure and functions of the transcription factor Nrf2, mechanisms of Nrf2 activation through the Keap1 / Nrf2 / ARE signaling system, which regulates the transcription and expression of cellular cytoprotective and antioxidant proteins, are described. Published data on the specificity of the interaction of the components of this cellular signaling pathway, the mechanisms of Keap1 dependent and independent adaptive response to the action of inductors, the role of biogenic selenium nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry with the participation of bacteria in these processes are analyzed; features of Nrf2 induction depending on the type of bacteria and the stabilizing shell. It has been shown that biogenic selenium nanoparticles (BNSe), synthesized by different types of bacteria, activate the transcription factor Nrf2 using the Keap1-independent activation pathway through mitogen-protein kinases (MAPK): p38, ERK1 / 2 and AKT-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2, protect the intestinal epithelial barrier function from the effects of oxidative damage, normalize mitochondrial function. A detailed understanding of thiol-dependent and independent redox signaling mechanisms under physiological and pathological conditions will lead to a deeper understanding of the redox component in human and animal diseases. The use of biogenic nanoselen, synthesized with the participation of various bacterial species, has been demonstrated to activate the Keap1 / Nrf2 / ARE signaling pathway, which may be of practical interest as a therapeutic target for many redox-mediated diseases.

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The present study was performed to characterize of selenium nanoparticles (Nano-Se) which were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids to obtain the aqueous selenium citrate solution. The study was conducted using bacteriological and electronic-microscopic methods. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that nano-selenium particles obtained by the method of selenium ablation had the size of 4–8 nm. UV-Visible Spectrum colloidal solution Nano-Se exhibited absorption maxima at 210 nm. To clarify some effects of the action of Nano-Se on Bacillus subtilis, we investigated the interaction of Nano-Se with B. subtilis IMV B-7392 before and after incubation with Nano-Se, examining TEM images. It has been shown that exposure to B. subtilis IMV B-7392 in the presence of Nano-Se is accompanied by the rapid uptake of Nano-Se by bacterial culture. TEM analysis found that the electron-dense Nano-Se particles were located in the intracellular spaces of B. subtilis IMV B-7392. That does not lead to changes in cultural and morphological characteristics of B. subtilis IMV B-7392. Using TEM, it has been shown that penetration of nanoparticles in the internal compartments is accompanied with transient porosity of the cell membrane of B. subtilis IMV B-7392 without rupturing it. The effective concentration of Nano-Se 0.2 × 10–3 mg/mL was found to increase the yield of biologically active substances of B. subtilis. In order to create probiotic nano-selenium containing products, the nutrient medium of B. subtilis IMV B-7392 was enriched with Nano-Se at 0.2 × 10–3 mg/mL. It was found that particles Nano-Se are non-toxic to the culture and did not exhibit bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects. The experimentally demonstrated ability of B. subtilis to absorb selenium nanoparticles has opened up the possibility of using Nano-Se as suitable drug carriers.

The presented analytical review summarizes the data of the world and national literature on the features of the accumulation of microelement nanoparticles in the body, their effects on metabolism, redox processes and productivity of poultry. The attention is paid to the toxicity of various forms and sources of the considered elements, their mutual influence on bioavailability, antagonism and the rate of excretion. The need to study the peculiarities of the use of nanoparticles and their efficiency in the production of livestock products is constantly increasing. Evidence of the positive application of nanoforms of elements (zinc, silver, selenium, cerium, iron) in the diets of different species of farm poultry is considered due to their metabolic, antimicrobial action, influence on digestion and regulation of bowel function. Analyzed data indicate that nanoparticles of metals and non-metals in animal husbandry are an alternative to feed antibiotics for antibacterial action, increase the productivity of animals and poultry, can activate metabolism by stimulating the activity of hormones, optimize the immune response of the organism, induce syntheses and metabolism. Nanoparticles of metals and non-metals have been found to reduce the mineral antagonism in case of contact with the intestine, which contributes to the efficiency of digestion. Changes in the prooxidant-oxidant status of the blood of animals by the use of test nanoparticles and changes in homeostasis indices that are positive for poultry due to increased productivity, intensification of egg production, their weight and fertilization rate of hatching eggs have been established. Influence of nanoparticles on redox homeostasis and processes of lipid and protein peroxidation are established. The use of nanoscale drugs for use in biology, medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, and the need for further research to study all possible mechanisms of biological action of nanostructures are argued. Key words: trace elements, nanoparticles, poultry, feeding, silver, zinc, selenium, cerium dioxide.