Aim. To determine the epidemiological features of the hepatitis B in the Russian Arctic. Materials and methods. We carried out a retrospective analysis of the incidence of hepatitis B (acute and chronic forms) in 9 Russian Arctic regions, 3 subarctic regions (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region, Kamchatka Territory) and Russian Federation in 1999-2019. We also studied the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and vaccination data against hepatitis B in these territories. Results. From 1999 to 2019 the incidence of acute hepatitis B in three subarctic regions decreased 166 times (from 66.5 to 0.4 per 100 thousand population), in the Arctic zone of 73 times (from 29.8 to 0.4 per 100 thousand population) and 77 times in Russia (from 43.8 to 0.6). The incidence of chronic hepatitis forms in the same period in the Arctic zone decreased by 16.3 times (from 140.1 to 16.3), 5.8 times in the subarctic regions (from 116.6 to 20.0) and 5.7 times in Russia (from 96.3 to 16.8). In 2018, the results of the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in the Arctic zone (697.3) was higher than in Russia by 98% (352.1) and higher than in the subarctic regions by 67% (588.6). Timely coverage of hepatitis vaccination in children aged 12 months in the Russian Federation, the Arctic zone and the subarctic regions is maintained at a high level (more than 90%) from 2004 in 2019. Coverage of children by vaccination to 17 years inclusive and adults up to 35 years on these territories also exceeded 90%. Conclusion. Vaccination against hepatitis B in the Russian Federation led to a significant decrease in the incidence of this infection in the Russian Arctic. High prevalence of infection indicates the need to continue the program of mass vaccination and the timely introduction of the first dose of vaccine newborns. To reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer, it is necessary to increase the availability of diagnosis of the disease and its possible outcomes in the Arctic regions and timely provision of antiviral treatment of all patients.
Pneumococcal infections are among the most common infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including Russia. At the end of 2014 in the national immunization schedule countries introduced vaccination against pneumococcal infection The aim of study. To assess the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal infection in young children selectively in different territories of the Russian Federation 2 years later from its beginning Materials and methods. In the course of epidemiological observational analytical research of type «case-control» data were obtained on the incidence in vaccinated and unvaccinated against pneumococcal infection in children from 2 months to 2 years We analyzed 1422 outpatients and 356 case histories of children in several cities (Moscow, Smolensk, Sevastopol, Perm, Tyumen, Barnaul). The results are subjected to statistical processing The results and discussion Established that there is a reliable causal connection between the lack of vaccination of children against pneumococcal infection and incidence of diseases. Shows high prophylactic efficacy of vaccination of children up to 2 years. Received in outpatient and inpatient facilities, evidence suggests that the incidence of invasive and non-invasive forms of pneumococcal infection was significantly lower in the vaccinated children It was revealed that the vaccination coverage against pneumococcal infection in children from 2 months to one year and the second year of life was 51 and 40% respectively. Vaccination in the first six months of life in 2016 received only 25% of children. A high proportion of the parent's refusal of vaccination of children (54.2%), and high frequency medical taps (9.7%) from vaccination.
The analysis of the vaccine preventive status of infectious diseases in adults in Russia and various countries of the world is presented in the article. The problems and directions of improving the immunization of the adult population in Russia are identified.
Papillomaviruses are a large and diverse group of viruses. It includes approximately 200 fully described types that have been detected in humans. Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are etiologic agents during various benign and malignant lesions of mucous membrane and skin epithelium. Very importantly, persistent HPV infection of certain types is a leading cause of carcinoma of uterine cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anal canal and fauces (including tongue base and tonsils). HPV infection prophylaxis is the best means to control HPV-conditioned diseases, and vaccination, as had been demonstrated, - the most effective method of its prophylaxis. In this paper principle characteristics and clinical manifestations of papillomavirus infection, as well as effectiveness of vaccination against HPV are examined.
Deep strengthening and reinforcement of soils are employed to improve the quality of soils prone to slump-type settlement, fill soils, and other structurally unstable and weak saturated soils. The I. I. Vorovich Scientific-Research Institute of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics at the Southern Federal University has, in conjunction with the OOO NIPP INTROFEK developed a procedure and equipment for deep grouting of soils through directed fissures. Strengthening and reinforcement of the soils is carried out by elements of increased stiffness formed from soil-cement stone [1][2][3][4].The procedure employed for reinforcement consists in pressure injection of an ecologically safe foamed soil-cement grout through directed fissures created when the pressure in the hole is raised with a triangular stress riser. At sites where highly compressible saturated soils of highly plastic and fluid consistency exist, the operations should be carried out under the pressure of a foamed soil-cement grout with a density that eliminates collapse of the wall of the hole and provides stability and shape to the stress riser. Face development is accomplished in a hole filled with the soil-cement grout by a special device with an extensible rotary cutting tool [2,4]. Free recesses exist at the tip of the tool for the passage of grout when the device moves in the hole (see Fig. 1).Geologic-engineering surveys were performed, and strength tests conducted on the reinforced bed to assess the reinforcing effectiveness of the highly compressible saturated soils on the construction site of a Series 90.10-05 ten-story tenement building on Truzhenikov Street in Rostov-na-Donu after the soils had been strengthened.The geologic-engineering section of the site is represented by: − unconsolidated fill soils with a layer thickness of 0.2-5.5 m, which are composed of a mixture of clayey loams and 7-30% of construction debris; − soils prone to slump-type settlement with a layer thickness of 1.0-2.6 m to a depth of 1.2-5.5 m from the ground surface. These soils are exposed in the northern section, and do not spread into the A method is proposed for the strengthening of highly compressible saturated soils by the method of injection through directed fissures. Test results are presented for the reinforced bed of a conventional foundation subjected to static loads. Results of the investigations are being successfully applied to the construction of two ten-story buildings in Rostov-na-Donu.
Вакцинопрофилактика является одним из основных направлений профилактики инфекционных болезней и признана одним из крупнейших достижений XX в. Она рассматривается мировым сообществом как инструмент реализации концепции демографической политики, обеспечивающий снижение заболеваемости, смертности и активное долголетие. Научно обоснована значимость активной иммунизации против гриппа в системе смертности от болезней системы кровообращения, установлена ее роль в предупреждении злокачественных новообразований -рака шейки матки, ануса, вульвы, гепатокарциномы. Во всем мире вакцинация спасает 2-3 млн жизней ежегодно (ВОЗ и ЮНИСЕФ, 2005). Большинство стран мира, включая Россию, имеют надежные программы иммунизации детей, подкрепленные такими инициативами, как расширенная программа иммунизации и Глобальный альянс по вакцинам и иммунизации.В отличие от вакцинации детей, где отработаны организационные и методические принципы
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