An epidemiological survey investigating the prevalence of rotavirus infection in infants and young children with acute diarrhoea was undertaken in Jos State, Nigeria, between January 1998 and April 1999. In total, 672 faecal specimens were collected from children aged between 1 and 60 months with acute infantile gastroenteritis. The 10-20% stool suspensions were examined by an ELISA for the presence of group A rotavirus antigen (Rotavirus IDEIA, Dako, UK). Only 116 specimens (17.3%) were positive for the group A rotavirus antigen detected by this ELISA. The rotavirus-positive specimens were analysed with monoclonal antibodies specific for rotavirus VP6 subgroup I and II, and for VP7 serotypes G1-G4, G8, and G9. Of the rotavirus strains that could be subgrouped, VP6 subgroup I and II strains circulated at similar levels. Amongst the strains that could be serotyped, VP7 G9 strains predominated occurring in 17 cases, with G3 (n = 10) and G1 (n = 9) strains occurring in lower numbers. Four G8 strains were detected and only one G2 and no G4 strains were identified. This report extends the description of the global distribution of G9 rotavirus strains.
SUMMARYObjectives: To examine sputum specimens from patients with persistent bronchopulmonary disorders for mycobacterium species and to characterize the recovered isolates with a view to determining the extent of involvement of environmental mycobacteria in pulmonary infections. Design: Analytical study using standard microscopy, culture and biochemical test for the identification of mycobacterium species. Setting: Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and 2 referral hospitals: Plateau Specialist Hospital and Evangelical Churches of West Africa (ECWA) Evangel Hospital in Jos, Nigeria. Participants: Three hundred and twenty nine (329) volunteer new patients seen at the chest clinic and general out patient departments with broncho-pulmonary disorders. Patients already on anti-tuberculosis were excluded from the study. Interventions: Subjects were administered antituberculosis drugs and or other treatment regimes after proper diagnosis Results: Sixty-five (65) mycobacterial isolates were obtained and differentiated into human tubercle bacilli, bovine and or environmental (atypical) mycobacteria on the basis of nine identification tests. Of the 65 mycobacterial isolates subjected to the tests, 40 (61.54%) were identified as mycobacterium tuberculosis, 10 (15.38%) as M. bovis and 15 (23.08%) as environmental mycobacteria. Among the environmental group, 9 (20.69%) were classified as M. avium 3 (3.45%) each as M. kansasi and M. fortuitum. Conclusions:The study confirms the involvement of bovine and environmental mycobacteria in pulmonary infections. This may be related to the rising prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally. The need for adequate bacteriological analysis in current-day diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in indicated.
A survey was conducted for serum neutralizing antibodies against 3 members of the Lyssavirus group (rabies, Lagos bat and Mokola viruses) in Nigerian dogs and humans. Of 463 unvaccinated dogs sampled, 142 (30.7%) had antibodies against rabies; 39.2% of the stray dogs were positive. Of 241 dogs tested, 17.4% had antibodies against Mokola virus and 5.8% against Lagos bat virus. 28.6% of human samples tested had antibodies against rabies and, of 158 human samples tested, 12 (7.5%) had antibodies against Mokola virus and 4 (2.5%) had antibodies against Lagos bat virus.
Summary A study of the resistance patterns of 248 staphylococcal isolates from milk and milk products to eight antimicrobial agents using the disc method showed that 80 (32.3 %) were resistant to sulphafurazole, 75 (30.2 %) to penicillin G, 63 (25.4 %) to ampicillin, 23 (9.3 %) to cloxacillin, 19 (7.7 %) to tetracycline, 17 (6.9%) to streptomycin, 14 (5.6%) to erythromycin and 12 (4.8%) to chloramphenicol. One hundred and sixteen (46.8 %) of the 248 staphylococcal isolates were sensitive to all the agents tested. A significant percentage (P < 0.05) of the isolates from raw milk were resistant to erythromycin, sulphafurazole, cloxacillin, penicillin G and streptomycin compared to isolates from fermented milk. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as determined by the tube method for isolates resistant by the disc method, were ≥ 16 μg for ampicillin in 5 (11.9 %) isolates; ≥ 40 μg for cloxacillin, 9 (36.0%) and ≥ 12 international units for penicillin G amongst 12 (22.2%) isolates. MIC values of ≥ 40 μg were recorded for 9 (90.0%), 9 (69.2%), 8 (73.7%) and 7 (70.0%) isolates to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline respectively. The relatively high level of resistance to antimicrobial agents is a reflection of misuse or abuse of these agents in the environment.
Four hundred and forty-two samples from children, age 0-5 years old, with acute diarrhoea attending hospitals and clinics in Jos between May 1986 to April 1987 were examined for the presence of rotavirus by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. One hundred and forty-six of these samples were positive, giving a prevalence rate of 33 per cent. The virus was more prevalent in infants 0-6 months old and decreased with an increase in age. Rotavirus was found to occur throughout the year, but there was a much higher prevalence of the virus during the dry season (59 per cent) than in the rainy season (21 per cent) with relative humidity being the most influential climatic factor for this variation. Male children and breast-fed children were more predisposed to infection with rotavirus than their counterparts.
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