Circulation of the novel G9 and G8 rotavirus strains in Nigeria in 1998/1999

Steele, A. Duncan; Nimzing, L; Peenze, Ina; Beer, M.; Geyer, A.; Angyo, Ishaya A.; Gomwalk, N. E.

doi:10.1002/jmv.10146

Cited by 50 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The second most common strain was a G9P [6] strain with VP6 subgroup I and a short profile. This is different from the findings of the study recently reported in Nigeria, where the majority of strains revealed a G9P[6]SGI short profile (24). The G9 strains were collected from these two adjacent countries during the same period.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…In Nigeria (24) and in the United Kingdom (7), G9 strains were seen to infect children older than the normal peak age group for rotavirus infection, raising the speculation that the usual rotavirus strains conferred no protection against these strains, thus exposing an older "non-G9-immune" group of children to infection. In this study, with larger numbers of children infected, the G9 strains replaced the other, traditional strains in the primary rotavirus infection episode in young Ghanaian infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of course, G9 strains are now recognized as an "emerging" rotavirus strain type globally (22)(23)(24)(25)(26) and could soon be ranked among the globally important circulating strains. However, in most locations where G9 strains have been identified, the studies allow limited description of the epidemiology and limited analysis of the strains, because most are point prevalence studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G9 strains have been detected with increasing frequency in India, Brazil, Italy, France, Australia, Nigeria, Japan, and The Netherlands (22)(23)(24)(25)(26). The emergence of G9 strains as an important cause of gastroenteritis and the growing global divergence of rotavirus strains point up the need for continuation of surveillance of rotavirus strains in developing countries, especially in Africa, where these vaccines will have the greatest impact.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changing Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes in Ghana: Emergence of Human Rotavirus G9 as a Major Cause of Diarrhea in Children

et al. 2003

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Genotyping of human rotaviruses was performed on 312 rotavirus-positive samples collected from 2,205 young children with diarrhea in the Upper East District of Ghana, a rural community. Of the 271 (86.9%) rotavirus strains that could be VP7 (G) or VP4 (P) characterized, 73 (26.9%) were of G9 specificity. The predominant G9 genotype was G9P[8], which constituted 79.5% of all G9 strains detected, followed by G9P[6] (12.3%), G9P[10] (2.7%), and G9P[4] (1.3%). G9 strains with mixed P types constituted 2.7% of all G9 strains found in the study. All the G9P[8] strains had a long RNA electrophoretic pattern with VP6 subgroup II specificity. Four G9 isolates, GH1319, GH1416, GH3550, and GH3574, which were selected based on the abundance of stool material and were representative of the three electropherotypes observed, were cloned and sequenced. The Ghanaian isolates shared more than 98% sequence nucleotide homology with other G9 strains from the United States (US1205), Malawi (MW69), Brazil (R160), Japan (95H115), and Nigeria (Bulumkutu). However, they showed only 95% nucleotide homology with the Thai G9 strain Mc345. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleic acid sequence revealed the existence of at least three clusters, with Ghanaian strains forming one cluster, Nigerian and Brazilian strains forming a second cluster, and U.S., Malawian, and Japanese strains forming a third.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changing Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes in Ghana: Emergence of Human Rotavirus G9 as a Major Cause of Diarrhea in Children

et al. 2003

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“…Recent epidemiological studies in Bangladesh (49), Brazil (23, 32, 44), India (1), the United States (24, 42), and Malawi (13) show that other G types (G5, G6, G8, G9, and G10) can be identified as causes of severe disease and are of emerging importance in some communities. Serotype G9 is recognized as the most widespread of the "emerging" serotypes and has been identified since 1996 as a frequent cause of severe disease in hospitalized children in the United States, Japan, India, Bangladesh, France, Italy, Malawi, Nigeria, Australia, China, Thailand, and the United Kingdom (3,7,8,12,19,26,34,37,39,41,42,47,49,50).The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA located inside the core of a triple-layered structure. The outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 elicit neutralizing antibody immune responses, creating both serotypespecific and cross-reactive immunity (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Rotavirus Serotype G9 Strains Isolated in Australia between 1997 and 2001

et al. 2003

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Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Vaccines are being developed to reduce the huge impact of the disease caused by rotavirus infection. The first vaccines were developed to provide specific protection against the four predominant serotypes of rotavirus, G1 to G4 (29), as these have been the most common serotypes causing severe disease in children globally since 1973 (40). Recent epidemiological studies in Bangladesh (49), Brazil (23, 32, 44), India (1), the United States (24, 42), and Malawi (13) show that other G types (G5, G6, G8, G9, and G10) can be identified as causes of severe disease and are of emerging importance in some communities. Serotype G9 is recognized as the most widespread of the "emerging" serotypes and has been identified since 1996 as a frequent cause of severe disease in hospitalized children in the United States, Japan, India, Bangladesh, France, Italy, Malawi, Nigeria, Australia, China, Thailand, and the United Kingdom (3,7,8,12,19,26,34,37,39,41,42,47,49,50).The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA located inside the core of a triple-layered structure. The outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 elicit neutralizing antibody immune responses, creating both serotypespecific and cross-reactive immunity (18). Antigenic differences in VP4 and VP7 are the basis of the G (VP7 glycoprotein) and P (protease-activated VP4 protein) serotypes. To date, 9 P and 10 G serotypes have been identified in humans by cross-neutralization tests (18,46,48). Unlike rotavirus G typing, there are two designations of rotavirus type P because of incomplete agreement between the P serotype (based on enzyme immunoassay [EIA] reactivities) and the P genotype (based on sequence similarity). The P genotypes are in brackets, whereas the P serotypes are open numbers. Epidemiological studies have shown that serotypes G1, G2, G3, and G4, associated with P1A (8) or P1B (4), have been the most common serotypes causing severe disease in children globally over the last 20 years (35,40). Genetic and antigenic variation has been recorded within the G1, G2, G3, and G4 serotypes (38). There is evidence that G9 strains are more susceptible to reassortment, and hence to genetic change, than are these other serotypes (27,49). The increasing prevalence of G9 strains worldwide makes it important to continue molecular epidemiological studies of their occurrence and genetic and antigenic variability.The emergence and persistence of serotype G9 has had a major impact on health care services in Australia (33,34). This

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Nucleotide variation in the VP7 gene affects PCR genotyping of G9 rotaviruses identified in Italy

Martella

Terio

Arista

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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A modified (aFT9m) and a degenerate (aFT9d) version of the rotavirus G9-specific primer (aFT9) allowed strains that were previously untypable, because of point mutations accumulating at the primer binding site, to be G typed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The strains were collected during 2001-2002 in Italy in hospitals of the Apulia region, from children affected by severe rotavirus-associated enteritis. Using a wide selection of G9 rotaviruses detected worldwide, sequencing of the G9 untypable strains, sequence comparison, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Italian strains have strong genetic similarity (< or =99.4%) to G9 rotaviruses identified recently in many parts of the world and different from the old G9 strains identified during the 1980s (less than 90%). Genetic variation of G9 rotaviruses explains the constraints encountered in the typing assays and presumably accounts, together with genetic reassortment events, for the emergence on a global scale of the G9 serotype.

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Circulation of the novel G9 and G8 rotavirus strains in Nigeria in 1998/1999

Cited by 50 publications

References 26 publications

Changing Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes in Ghana: Emergence of Human Rotavirus G9 as a Major Cause of Diarrhea in Children

Changing Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes in Ghana: Emergence of Human Rotavirus G9 as a Major Cause of Diarrhea in Children

Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Rotavirus Serotype G9 Strains Isolated in Australia between 1997 and 2001

Nucleotide variation in the VP7 gene affects PCR genotyping of G9 rotaviruses identified in Italy

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