This article presents the results of research on the influence of cadmium loading on the state level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant links of the antioxidant defense system of the organisms of young cattle, such as the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, selenium, vitamins A and E. It was found that feeding bull calves with cadmium chloride at doses of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg of body weight helped to reduce both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic link of antioxidant protection (superoxide dismutase 31%, catalase 13%, glutathione peroxidase 23%, reduced glutathione 10%, vitamin A 28%, vitamin E 31%, selenium 20%). Toxic effects of cadmium promotes change in steady-state concentrations of radical metabolites О2–,ОН˙, НО2˙, which, in turn, trigger the process of lipid peroxidation. The lowest level of indicators of antioxidant defense system in the blood of young cattle was registered on the sixteenth and twenty-fourth days of the experiment, which is associated with increased activation of lipid peroxidation and the disturbaance of the balance between the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation intensity. The activity of the antioxidant defense system in the blood was different for calves fed with cadmium chloride at doses of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg of animal mass. The more cadmium chloride in the feed, the lower the activity of the antioxidant defense system of the calves’ organisms was registered. Thus cadmium chloride depresses the antioxidant defense system, which specifically involves lowering the activity of enzymatic links (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic links (reduced glutathione, selenium, vitamins A and E).
The drug Amprolinsyl is a is a mixture of hydrochloric amprolium (12.5 g) and milled fruits of the milk thistle (up to 100 g), designed to prevent and treat protozoonoses in birds, especially when mixed associative invasions occur. The fruits of the milk thistle contain the natural vitamins (A, C, E, B) and the minerals (copper, iron, cobalt) and other factors that significantly expand and enhance the pharmacological effect of the drug Amprolinsyl. We found that when the drug Amprolinsyl was administered intra gastrically to white rats at a dose of 5000 mg/kg and higher clinical signs of toxicity occurred after 4–5 hours. Damage to motor activity and tremors of individual muscles of these animals was observed. The rats died after 1–4 days. A direct relationship was found between the drug at a specific dosage and the death of rats. After intra gastric administration of the drug Amprolinsyl to white rats clinical signs of toxicity appeared after 5–6 hours at a dose of 4000 mg/kg body weight. These animals attempted to gather in groups and to hide in the bedding. The death of the mice occured in 1–3 days. Thus, LD50 drug of Amprolinsyl following intra gastric administration to white rats was 5,917 and for white mice 5,167 mg/kg. After studying the cumulative properties of Amprolinsyl, it was found that the total drug administered in average doses was 831 mg/kg, and the cumulative rate – 8.31. Long-term daily intragastric administration of Amprolinsyl over 24 days affected the functional state of the liver and kidneys. The magnitude of weight ratios of lungs, heart and spleen during the research period was the same as in the control group of rats. Significant changes were found only after analyzing the leukocyte profile. A reduction was observed in the number of neutrophils to 54.7% and an increase in the number of lymphocytes to 9.2%. Following prolonged daily administration of increasing doses Amprolinsyl causes a slight degradation of the membranes of hepatocytes, which indicates increased activity of aminotransferases.When investigating the chronic toxicity of Amprolinsyl it was found that at doses of 1/50 LD50, and 1/100 LD50 the drug had no effect on the results of functional tests, due to the normal functioning of the liver tissue and the lack of negative impact on animals in the 3rd and 4th groups. Administration of the the drug at doses of 1/20, 1/50 and 1/100 LD50 over 30 days did not significantly affect the functional state of the internal organs of the experimental animals. When investigating the morphological blood parameters of the rats following oral administration of Amprolinsyl at different doses a downward trend in the haemoglobin and colour index value and a likely reduction in the number of white blood cells, compared to the control group was observed in all experimental groups. According to the values of haematological and biochemical parameters, it was established that in spite of the low toxicityof Amprolinsyl at doses of 1/20 and 1/50 LD50 the drug had an effect on lipid metabolism, as was shown following the increase of glycerol.
The results of study of toxicity of the newly created «Injectable Mevesel» during acute and chronic experiments are presented. There were no lethal cases at intragastric and intramuscular injections, only short-time inhibition of laboratory animals receiving the drug at a dose of 10.0 ml was observed. There were no lethal cases of test animals during the experiment in the conditions of study of accumulation properties of «Injectable Mevesel». Total average dose of the drug administered made up 162500 mg/kg, and accumulation coefficient was respectively 5.3. In the study of morphological blood parameters of rats after intramuscular injection of «Injectable Mevesel» in increasing doses, probable increase in neutrophils count by 36.1%, and probable reduction in lymphocytes count by 15.2% were found. Administration of the drug in increasing doses significantly affects the functional state of internal organs of experimental animals (liver) and causes significant degradation of the membranes of hepatocytes, as evidenced by increased activity of intracellular ALT, AST enzymes and alkaline phosphatase. Therefore, new domestic drug «Injectable Mevesel» created by us belongs to class 4 toxicity criteria, i.e. low-toxic substances. Наведено результати дослідження токсичності новоствореного препарату «Мевесел-ін'єкційний» у го-строму і хронічному досліді. За умов внутрішньошлункового і внутрішньо м´язового введення загибелі білих щурів не було, лише встановлено короткочасне пригнічення лабораторних тварин, яким задавали препарат у дозі 10,0 мл. За умов дослідження властивостей мевеселу-ін'єкційного в дозах щодо кумуляції загибелі до-слідних тварин протягом досліду не виявлено. Сумарно введена середня доза препарату становила 162500 мг/ кг, а коефіцієнт кумуляції був відповідно -5,3. При дослідженні морфологічних показників крові щурів після внутрішньо м´язового введення препарату "Мевесел-ін'єкційний" у зростаючих дозах, встановлено вірогідне збільшення кількості нейтрофілів на 36,1 % та вірогідне зменшення кількості лімфоцитів на 15,2 %. Введення препарату у зростаючих дозах суттєво впливає на функціональний стан внутрішніх органів дослідних тва-рин (печінки) та викликає деструкцію мембран гепатоцитів, про що вказує підвищення активності внутріш-ньоклітинних ензимів АлАТ, АсАТ і лужної фосфатази. Отже, створений нами новий вітчизняний препарат "Мевесел-ін'єкційний" належить до 4-го класу токсичності, тобто до малотоксичних речовин.Ключові слова : фармакологія, токсикологія, кров, щурі, миші, препарат "Мевесел-ін'єкційний".
From the standpoint of modern ideas, the normal functioning of the poultry body and full implementation her of the genetic potential is impossible without the presence of selenium in the diet. The biochemical diversity of selenium puts it in a number of priority trace elements. Scientists who were studying the effects of selenium on poultry body and paid relatively little attention to the quality of the meat. In scientific experiment are studied the effect of additives different doses of selenium in compound feed on the chemical composition, energy and biological value of meat of the cross chickens-broilers COBB 500. Introduction of selenium into the feed for broiler chickens in the doses which are studied (0.3 mg/kg, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg) did not significantly affect to the quality of their muscle tissue although it positively affected on some indicators that characterizing its chemical composition, nutritional and biological value. Among the experimental groups, the best meat quality indicators were in the second group of chickens for which was introduced into the feed selenium from the calculation of 0.3 mg/kg. When feeding mixed feeds with selenium additives to broiler chickens it was found that it is likely to increase the concentration of this trace element in muscle tissue by 60.6-100% (P?0.001), which does not exceed the maximum permissible level (MPL). Consumption of selenium-enriched meat of broiler chickens within the limits of the physiological norms recommended in Ukraine will ensure the daily requirement of an adult in this trace element by 23.6-29.4%. This meat product can be especially useful for people who live in regions with low levels of selenium in the natural environment.
One of the ultimate manifestations of Cadmium's toxic effects is the depletion of the animal's antioxidant protection system. The article presents data on the effect of cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight on the activity of enzymes of the glutathione system of antioxidant protection of the body of young cattle. The surveys were conducted on the basis of farm Ivanivtsi of Zhydachiv district of Lviv region on 10 bulls of six months old, Ukrainian black-ruffed dairy breed, which were formed into 2 groups of 5 animals each: control and experimental. Bulls of the experimental group were fed with feed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight of the animal. For research, the rules were compulsory for performing zootechnical experiments on the selection and retention of analogues in groups, technology for the procurement, use and accounting of feed consumed. The diet of the animals was balanced by the nutrients and minerals that provided for their need for essential nutrients. The results of studies indicate that Cadmium significantly affects the metabolism processes in liver cells, and thus stimulates lipid peroxidation processes and inhibits the activity of enzymes of the glutathione link of the antioxidant system. The lowest activity of the enzyme link of the glutathione system of antioxidant protection of the body of cattle was found on the twentieth day of the experiment, where, accordingly, the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the serum of bugs of the experimental group decreased by 22.6%, the activity of glutathione 6 phosphate dehydrogenase – by 24.3% relative to the control group of animals. The inhibition of the activity of enzymes of the glutathione system of the organism of bulls of the experimental group is caused by the development of oxidative stress caused by the feeding of Cadmium. The researches made it possible to reveal more deeply the pathogenesis of the toxic effect of cadmium on the body of bugs and use these data in the development of an antidote for cadmium intoxication.
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