The demand function for vaccines against typhoid fever was estimated using stated preference data collected from a random sample of 1065 households in Hue, Vietnam, in 2002. These are the first estimates of private willingness-to-pay (WTP) and demand functions for typhoid vaccines in a developing country. Mean respondent WTP for a single typhoid fever vaccine ranged from USD 2.30 to USD 4.80. Mean household WTP estimates (vaccinating all members of the household) ranged from USD 21 to USD 27. Demand was similar for vaccines with different degrees of effectiveness and intervals of duration. These results suggest a significant potential for private sector provision of typhoid fever vaccines in Hue.

Reforestation in the tropics is highlighted as an important intervention to mitigate climate change globally because of its potential for high CO2 removal rates, ranging from 4.5 to 40.7 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1 during the first 20 years of tree growth. Reforestation is critical to meeting emissions’ targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, as well as achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. Increasing carbon stocks through forest and land rehabilitation activities (RHL) is one of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) five main strategies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the land sector. This study focuses on reforestation opportunities to support Indonesia’s NDC in reducing GHG emissions by 2030. We identified unproductive areas of land (shrub, open land) with highly degraded conditions as potential areas for reforestation. Based on Indonesian data of land cover change, we found that reforestation activities during 2019–2030 (11 years) under a realistic, ambitious and very ambitious scenario may remove carbon up to −0.25 GtCO2e (equal to −23 MtCO2e yr−1), −1.3 GtCO2e (equal to −124 MtCO2e yr−1) and −2.7 GtCO2e (equal to −247 MtCO2e yr−1), respectively. Based on international data of land cover change (Hansen et al. 2013), reforestation activities during 2019–2030, under a realistic, ambitious, and very ambitious scenario, have the opportunities to remove −17 MtCO2e yr−1, −118 MtCO2e yr−1, and −241 MtCO2e yr−1, respectively. This study demonstrates that ambitious and very ambitious scenarios of reforestation activities can significantly contribute to Indonesia’s forestry-related NDC in 2030 by reducing the Indonesia Business As Usual (BAU) emissions up to 17% and 35%.

Discussions on climate change and potential mechanisms to support conservation efforts have fixed the attention on incentives to conserve and protect forests. However, incentives alone will not do the job for forest conservation; what might? We use the case of Kutai National Park to examine the potential for incentives to boost conservation and the urgent need to simultaneously apply disincentives against conversion of the park. Kutai National Park is an extreme case: conservation values have to compete with the value of vast deposits of high-grade coal. The park management unit has tried to calculate the conservation benefits derived from the park ecosystem, but these values are miniscule compared to the alternatives of mining and logging. Incentives for encroachment and the conversion of the park are the easily accessible timber and enormous known coal deposits. These resources provide immediate tangible benefits for the settlers in the park and the local government to exploit the park, and affect local possibilities for conserving it. If we are to be serious about conserving important ecosystems, incentives alone are insufficient. Action is needed to ensure that all stakeholders support the national government's commitment to preserve representative examples of biodiversity and ecosystems; each stakeholder will have to make some sacrifices.

No abstract

Dalam memperlancar kegiatan manusia, sarana yang paling penting dan utama adalah transportasi. Terdapat beberapa macam transportasi yang dapat digunakan untuk mempermudah kegiatan manusia. Tetapi jenis kendaraan yang paling digemari masyarakat adalah  sepeda motor. Kepatuhan hukum masyarakat akan pentingnya etika dalam berlalu lintas masih dikategorikan rendah. Seperti misalnya beberapa pengendara kendaraan sepeda motor seringkali menyalip kendaraan lainnya tanpa memperhatikan marka jalan maupun rambu-rambu lalu lintas. Permasalahan dalam  penelitian ini adalah bagaimana tingkat kepatuhan hukum siswa SMP di Surabaya terhadap etika berlalu lintas menurut Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009. Penelitian dilakukan di sekitar kampus UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur. Sampel yang  diambil adalah sebanyak 30 siswa SMP/SLTP sederajat dengan metode acak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, tingkat kepatuhan hukum siswa SMP di  Surabaya terhadap etika berlalu lintas menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009,  masuk dalam kategori  cukup patuh (65,57 %). Artinya siswa/i SMP dikategorikan cukup mematuhi aturan hukum sesuai dengan Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Etika Berlalu Lintas. Beberapa responden menyatakan pernah mengendarai sepeda motor tetapi untuk mengendarai sepeda motor ke sekolah memilik skor 12,16 (rendah), artinya bahwa siswa/i mematuhi aturan sekolah yang melarang siswa/i untuk membawa dan mengendarai sepeda motor. Dan secara keseluruhan responden menyatakan bahwa selalu mematuhi rambu-rambu lalu lintas, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai skor sebesar 67,57  yang artinya termasuk dalam kategori cukup patuh.

Brief CIFOR memberi informasi mengenai topik terkini di bidang penelitian kehutanan secara ringkas, akurat dan ilmiah.

Masuknya virus corona ke wilayah Indonesia akhir-akhir ini membuat kepanikan tersendiri pada masyarakat Indonesia. Kementerian Kesehatan RI mengemukakan bahwa Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) merupakan kategori virus baru yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada pernapasan manusia. Semakin meningkatnya jumlah pasien yang diakibatkan Covid-19 ini membuat pemerintah Indonesia mengeluaran berbagai kebijakan untuk dapat menyelesaikan kasus Covid-19, salah satunya adalah dengan mensosialisasikan gerakan Social Distancing. Selain itu pemerintah menerbitkan PP Nomor 21 Tahun 2020 tentang kebijakan PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar) yang merupakan strategi pemerintah untuk dapat mencegah virus corona semakin menyebar. Dengan adanya pendemi penyakit Covid-19 ini beberapa perusahaan mengurangi jumlah pekerja atau karyawan sehingga terjadi PHK terhadap karyawan sebagai upaya pencegahan penyebaran penyakit. Hal ini berimbas terhadap sektor perekonomian, khususnya bagi para pekerja di sektor informal yang umumnya memiliki pendapatan berbasis harian. Tim PKM dosen Universitas Pamulang telah bekerjasama dengan masyarakat kelurahan Kukusan kecamatan Beji bersatu dengan Aparatur pemerintah setempat membuat gerakan kepedulian terhadap masyarakat terutama pekerja informal yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk pembagian paket sembako  kepada masyarakat kecil dan pekerja informal seperti driver ojek online, pelaku UMKM, hingga tunawisma di sekitaran wilayah Kelurahan Kukusan Kecamatan Beji Kota Depok Jawa Barat. Pada Tanggal 21 Mei 2020 Tim PKM dari Dosen Program Studi Manajemen Universitas Pamulang telah melaksanakan tugas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat sesuai yang direncanakan dengan tetap memperhatikan protokol kesehatan demi mencegah penularan wabah virus corona  sesuai anjuran pemerintah.Kata Kunci: Tanggung Jawab Sosial, Mental SDM, Pandemi Covid-19

For centuries, many indigenous peoples across the archipelago have adopted customary agroforestry practices that are evidently sustainable. Forest Management Units (FMUs) or KPHs, intended to improve forest management at the ground level therefore, need to adopt policies that can align with, complement and strengthen existing local land-use systems. The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding on how KPH policies, those with direct implications on the ground, can be aligned with indigenous peoples' traditional agroforestry systems of Buru. We used a qualitative descriptive approach based on in-depth interviews with key informants and focus group discussions with indigenous groups of Buru.Results show that the indigenous peoples of Buru have and continue to follow a set of norms and rules in their forest land management practices: lands are utilized to plant various agricultural commodities that are combined with forest species which are left to grow naturally upon clearing land for agriculture or in establishing gardens. There are also norms and rules in establishing fields and gardens, starting from clearing of the land, to maintenance, to harvest. Every family in villages own fields and gardens, making them a vital part of community life. KPH policy of land use at the site level requires an understanding of how rules of resource use can be made compatible with and support community needs. In the operationalization of KPH, indigenous peoples' rights to regulate the use of forest land, access to forest land use, and use of forest products need to be accommodated so that these communities continue to benefit from activities on their land.