A direct numerical simulation of incompressible channel flow at Re τ = 5186 has been performed, and the flow exhibits a number of the characteristics of high Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows. For example, a region where the mean velocity has a logarithmic variation is observed, with von Kármán constant κ = 0.384 ± 0.004. There is also a logarithmic dependence of the variance of the spanwise velocity component, though not the streamwise component. A distinct separation of scales exists between the large outer-layer structures and small inner-layer structures. At intermediate distances from the wall, the one-dimensional spectrum of the streamwise velocity fluctuation in both the streamwise and spanwise directions exhibits k −1 dependence over a short range in k. Further, consistent with previous experimental observations, when these spectra are multiplied by k (premultiplied spectra), they have a bi-modal structure with local peaks located at wavenumbers on either side of the k −1 range.

The transport equations for the variances of the velocity components are investigated using data from direct numerical simulations of incompressible channel flows at friction Reynolds number (Re τ ) up to Re τ = 5200. Each term in the transport equation has been spectrally decomposed to expose the contribution of turbulence at different length scales to the processes governing the flow of energy in the wall-normal direction, in scale and among components.The outer-layer turbulence is dominated by very large-scale streamwise elongated modes, which are consistent with the very large-scale motions (VLSM) that have been observed by many others. The presence of these VLSMs drive many of the characteristics of the turbulent energy flows. Away from the wall, production occurs primarily in these large-scale streamwise-elongated modes in the streamwise velocity, but dissipation occurs nearly isotropically in both velocity components and scale. For this to happen, the energy is transferred from the streamwise elongated modes to modes with a range of orientations through non-linear interactions, and then transferred to other velocity components. This allows energy to be transferred more-or-less isotropically from these large scales to the small scales at which dissipation occurs. The VLSMs also transfer energy to the wallregion, resulting in a modulation of the autonomous near-wall dynamics and the observed Reynolds number dependence of the near-wall velocity variances.The near-wall energy flows are more complex, but are consistent with the wellknown autonomous near-wall dynamics that give rise to streaks and streamwise vortices. Through the overlap region between outer and inner layer turbulence, there is a selfsimilar structure to the energy flows. The VLSM production occurs at spanwise scales that grow with y. There is transport of energy away from the wall over a range of scales that grows with y. And, there is transfer of energy to small dissipative scales which grow like y 1/4 , as expected from Kolmogorov scaling. Finally, the small-scale near-wall processes characterised by wavelengths less that 1000 wall units are largely Reynolds number independent, while the larger-scale outer layer process are strongly Reynolds number dependent. The interaction between them appears to be relatively simple.

We present an axisymmetric computational model to study the heating processes of gold nanoparticles, specifically nanorods, in aqueous medium by femtosecond laser pulses. We use a two-temperature model for the particle, a heat diffusion equation for the surrounding water to describe the heat transfer processes occurring in the system, and a thermal interface conductance to describe the coupling efficiency at the particle/water interface. We investigate the characteristic time scales of various fundamental processes, including lattice heating and thermal equilibration at the particle/surroundings interface, the effects of multiple laser pulses, and the influence of nanorod orientation relative to the beam polarization on energy absorption. Our results indicate that the thermal equilibration at the particle/water interface takes approximately 500 ps, while the electron-lattice coupling is achieved at approximately 50 ps when a 48×14 nm gold nanorod is heated to a maximum temperature of 1270 K with the application of a laser pulse having 4.70 J/m(2) average fluence. Irradiation by multiple pulses arriving at 12.5 ns time intervals (80 MHz repetition rate) causes a temperature increase of no more than 3 degrees during the first few pulses with no substantial changes during the subsequent pulses. We also analyze the degree of the nanorods' heating as a function of their orientation with respect to the polarization of the incident light. Lastly, it is shown that the temperature change of a nanorod can be modeled using its volume equivalent sphere for femtosecond laser heating within 5-15% accuracy.

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