Penile tourniquet syndrome (PTS), a rare urologic emergency, may lead to undesirable results including necrosis and amputation of penis, if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. Sometimes these injuries may be accepted as a forensic case. Miscellaneous objects used for strangulation can be metallic or nonmetallic. Of all ages, the most vulnerable period is infancy. Telogen effluvium is the most common cause of PTS in infants who are 0–6 years old. In the literature, telogen effluvium as a reason of PTS was not found except for this age group. Therefore, we aimed to present a boy who is 8 years old diagnosed as PTS because of his mother's hair coil.

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After an anal fissure (AF), patients frequently avoid defecation, even if they have diarrhea, due to severe anal pain. This is particularly evident in constipated patients, however the type of functional disease that causes AF is not limited to constipation or persistent diarrhea. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and the clinical importance of diseases associated with AF in childhood age groups among young patients with different clinical pictures. Methods: The data related to age, sex, and the accompanying disease of AF patients were collected from a hospital database. Of 7406 patients, 728 were identified and categorized in 6 distinct disease groups associated with AF: constipation; constipation with anal incontinence, urinary incontinence, or anal incontinence and urinary incontinence; infantile colic (IC); and diaper dermatitis (DD). The symptoms of the AF-related diseases were recorded and it was assessed whether AF-related symptoms were reduced after AF treatment. Results: Of the 728 AF-associated patients of all groups, it was observed that 1 week after AF therapy, 529 (72%) experienced a regression in both current disease and AF-related symptoms (p<0.05; r=0.26). The improvement in the first week after treatment had a stronger correlation than the improvement in the third week (r=0.26 vs. 0.19). Conclusion: AF was associated with constipation, anal-urinary incontinence, IC, and DD, and was critically important in the targeted treatment of the related illness. The potential presence of AF should be kept in mind when planning the treatment of these 6 functional disorders.

Introduction: Diagnostic discrimination between acute appendicitis (AA) and mesenteric lymphadenitis (AML) may require more diagnostic tests or great skill after excluding other diagnoses. This study aimed to make a differential diagnosis between AA and AML patients with previous and new parameters and to examine which parameters should be taken into account regarding whether the AML patient should be hospitalized or discharged. Material and methods: One hundred and twenty-three AML and 134 AA patients, randomly selected, were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of all subjects were analyzed. Ultrasonographic and rarely computed tomography examinations evaluating for the enlarged lymph nodes with the shortest diameter in the right lower quadrant of the AML patients were performed. Also, the erect abdominal radiographs (EAR) of AML and AA patients were evaluated. Results: While there was no statistically significant difference in age or gender, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, monocyte percentage as well as symptoms between the AA and AML groups (p > 0.05), neutrophil and lymphocyte percentage, appearance of EAR and L/M ratio were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the short-axis diameter of the mesenteric lymph node and clinical and laboratory findings in the AML group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results with ROC curve analysis, we propose to take into account the L/M ratio and the EAR from the parameters in the differential diagnosis between AA and AML in addition to previously reported parameters. Also, we recommend that the same features may be used to decide whether AML patients under observation are hospitalized or not.

Hemangiomas are usually superficial, localized, and commonly involve the head or neck, although up to 30% may be seen in the liver. Hemangioma involving the glans penis is extremely rare. A patient with red swelling on the glans penis was admitted for circumcision to our clinic. We performed concomitant surgical excision together with circumcision, and presented the advantages of surgical treatment in such a case.

IGFR1 with heterotetrameric receptor via IGF1, IGF2, insulin, and probably androgen, contribute to the remodeling and development of CM as well as the testis descent. In the current study, the presence of the IGFR1 in the CM was shown. Additionally, the IGFR1 density of the CM was lower in the UT cases than in the CG cases. Further evaluation of IGFR1 and other etiological factors can elucidate how they interact.

Objective:Folate, vitamin B12 and iron are important vitamin and minerals which play role in the development of nervous system. The aim of this study was looking at the presence of folate, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency among patients with Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) and possible relation between the delay of central nervous system (CNS) development, PNE and folate, vitamin B12 and iron states.Methods: Consecutively applied forty patients with PNE (23 girls and 17 boys) and otherwise normal thirty control subjects (17 girls and 13 boys) were included in the study. Average ages (in range) of PNE and the control group were 9.2(6-12) years and 9.3 (6-12) years accordingly. Age, height, weight, complete blood count, blood vitamin B12, folate, ferritin and iron values of both groups were recorded and compared to each other.Results:Average vitamin B12 and folate levels of patients with PNE were significantly and statistically lower compared to those of the control group. Average blood iron of patients with PNE was significantly higher than that of the control group and also average ferritin level of the PNE group was detected to be higher than the control group but this relation was statistically insignificant.Conclusion: Primary nocturnal enuresis is related to the delay in CNS maturation so it was thought that low vitamin B12 and folate which were found in patients with PNE may have role in the delay of CNS maturation. Additionally, further studies are needed to investigate the role of vitamin B12 and folate either alone or as combination in treatment of patients with PNE who have low vitamin B12and folate level.

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