<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Pregnancy is a period of great physiological changes to the mother and fetus in which every malfunction of the body as the result of drug use may lead to serious consequences in both. It is a period that demands special care to the health care service providers. Therefore, the objective of this project is to conduct across sectional study on drug utilization pattern during pregnancy in Nekemte referral hospital, Ethiopia from 2012-2013 that could lay base for the maternal care programs.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A purposive sampling was used to draw 100 pregnant women from the source population. Data were collected from the documented drug administration record of Nekemte referral hospital for all stages of pregnancy, types of drugs, roots of administration and dosage forms for all the pregnant female who were admitted to the hospital. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Among the pregnant women, who visited Nekemte referral hospital during the study period, the majority (96%) had a record for drug (s) and almost similar pattern of records were found in all wards for drug use. Of all the pregnant women, there was a high record for drug utilization of the women in the first trimester. Unemployed and uneducated pregnant females make the highest proportion. There was also a prescription of potentially dangerous drugs during pregnancy in Nekemte referral hospital.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Many pregnant women were found using drugs during pregnancy in Nekemte referral hospital, including potentially harmful drugs. Therefore, there should be intensive assessment of pregnant women treatment in line with the US food and drug administration agency (FDA) risk category and locally operating regulations by considering risks and benefits to both mothers and the foetus in drug prescription and administration.</p>
<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Diarrheal diseases constitute a major burden of disease in the low and middle-income countries of the world with diarrhea being the second leading cause of morbidity. Now a day, food borne disease, caused by <em>Shigella </em>and <em>Salmonella species</em> is the most common type of bacterial gastroenteritis have gained multiple antimicrobial resistances; the challenge for clinical management. For acute childhood diarrhea that requires antimicrobial therapy correct choice of the drug depends on detailed previous knowledge of local strains. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and drug susceptibility pattern of diarrheal diseases in under 10 children admitted to Tirunesh-Beijing hospital to provide preliminary information for healthcare providers.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Selective and differential media for isolation of diarrhea causing bacterial species was used. Further biochemical tests were conducted to confirm the results. The drug sensitivity and resistance pattern of isolated bacteria was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Data about patients' sex and age, pathogens isolated and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were recorded<span lang="EN-IN">. </span><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 22 stool samples collected from diarrhoeic under ten children the majority was males. Two (9.1%) stool samples were found positive for one <em>Shigella sonnei</em> and one <em>Shigilla flexnrei </em>while no <em>Salmonella </em><em>species </em>was identified.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The isolated <em>Shigella species</em> showed high antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin. But it was susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Therefore, frequent assessment of the pattern of resistance and prevalence is needed to keep the community save and use appropriate drug for treatment in the study area<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p>
Creatine is an organic compound which is utilized in biological activities, especially for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in the phosphocreatine system. This is a well-known biochemical reaction that is generally recognized as being mainly driven in specific parts of the body, such as the skeletal muscle and brain. However, our report shows a novel aspect of creatine utilization and ATP synthesis in innate immune cells. Creatine supplementation enhanced immune responses in neutrophils, such as cytokine production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phagocytosis, and NETosis, which were characterized as antibacterial activities. This creatine-induced functional upregulation of neutrophils provided a protective effect in a murine bacterial sepsis model. The mortality rate in mice challenged with Escherichia coli K-12 was decreased by creatine supplementation compared with the control treatment. Corresponding to this decrease in mortality, we found that creatine supplementation decreased blood pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and bacterial colonization in organs. Creatine supplementation significantly increased the cellular ATP level in neutrophils compared with the control treatment. This ATP increase was due to the phosphocreatine system in the creatine-treated neutrophils. In addition, extracellular creatine was used in this ATP synthesis, as inhibition of creatine uptake abolished the increase in ATP in the creatine-treated neutrophils. Thus, creatine is an effective nutrient for modifying the immunological function of neutrophils, which contributes to enhancement of antibacterial immunity.
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