Objective To assess the immunological relationship whom showed a higher level than the mean, and IL-6 was produced in 32 (91%) of whom 10 (29%) showed between tumour and host, focusing on the production of T-cell helper (Th) subset-derived cytokines in a higher level than the mean. IL-10 was detected in 28 patients (80%) of whom 14 (40%) showed a higher patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients and methods The study comprised 35 patients level than the mean. The production of these cytokines was closely related to the stage and grade of malig-(19 men and 16 women, mean age 56.9 years, range 39-78) with RCC, who had undergone nephrectomy.nancy. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the levels of production of IL-4 and Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the levels of Th1-derived cytokines were measured, including IL-5 (r2=0.92), IL-4 and IL-10 (r2=0.91), and IL-5 and IL-10 (r2=0.85). interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-c, and Th2-derived cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, Conclusion The intratumoral immunological environment in patients with RCC shows a tendency to IL-10 and others. Results There was no detectable IL-2 or IFN-c proproduce Th2-related cytokines in accordance with the stage and grade; this suggests a role in humoral but duction (below the detection limit) except in two patients; IL-4 was produced in 18 patients (51%) and not in cellular immunity. Keywords Renal cell carcinoma, immunity, T helper of these, 15 (43%) showed a higher level than the mean. IL-5 was produced in 12 patients (34%), all of subset, cytokine cytokines in patients with RCC. Based upon the results,
Abstract. This study investigated the relationship between choline by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and late enhancement curves by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (DMRI) in determining therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) among invasive breast cancer patients. Subjects comprised 21 women (22 breasts) with biopsyconfirmed invasive breast cancer (mean age 54 years) who underwent MRS with choline and gadolinium-enhanced DMRI at 1.5 T before and after NAC. Choline signals on MRS were classified into 2 patterns: choline-positive or cholinenegative, while late enhancement curves were classified as 'plateau' or 'washout' (type A), or 'persistent' (type B) according to the consensus of 2 radiologists. Maximum tumor diameters and clinical tumor reduction rates were assessed by MRI. Before NAC, choline-positive results were found in all 22 tumors, 21 of which were type A and 1 of which was type B. After NAC, a change from choline-positive to cholinenegative was observed with MRS in 11 tumors, while another 11 remained choline-positive. According to DMRI, enhancement curves changed from type A to type B in 14 tumors, remained type A in 7 tumors, and remained type B in 1 tumor. Tumor reduction rates were significantly greater for cholinenegative tumors than for choline-positive tumors after NAC (p=0.0115). Following NAC, no significant correlation was noted between enhancement curves and reduction rates (p=0.1210), although a significant correlation was noted between enhancement curves and choline signals (p=0.0014). Changes in choline signals as noted using MRS might offer advantages over changes in enhancement curves by DMRI when evaluating response to NAC in terms of the tumor reduction rate in invasive breast cancer. IntroductionAmong conventional modalities such as ultrasonography, mammography and computed tomography (1-3), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has priority for the detection of breast cancer and for the evaluation of breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) (4-11). Enhancement curves by dynamic MRI (DMRI) are known to be useful for detecting or monitoring breast cancer (4,12,13). In addition to MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is becoming increasingly attractive for the detection or monitoring of breast cancer (14-24). MRS detects elevated levels of cholinecontaining compounds in breast cancer tissue, which yield a signal at a chemical shift of 3.2 ppm (25). Choline by MRS and enhancement curves by DMRI represent common methods for dealing with non-morphological diagnostic parameters. The present study therefore assessed the correlation between MRS and enhancement curves from DMRI in determining response to NAC. Materials and methodsPatients. The present study was performed at our institution between January 2007 and Feburary 2008. Subjects comprised 21 patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma (unilateral n=20; bilateral n=1) diagnosed by ultrasonography-guided fine needle biopsy. Mean subject age was 54 years (range 40-67 years).Neoadjuvant chemo...
A soft,ware MPEG-2 decoder which rims on PCs with a Peiitiuiii Processor with MMX technology (MMX Peiitium) lias been developed. With optiiiiizatioiis for the processor architecture, this software eiiables iiearly real-time synchronized playback of MPEG-2 MP@ML video bitstreaiii aiid audio bit-stream (Dolby Digital or MPEG). In t,liis paper, software optiiiiizatioii aiid perforiiiaiice of the software playback systeiii are described.
This study examined the immunolocalization and ontogeny of the inhibin-specific alpha subunit in the brain of male rats. Immunohistochemistry using antiserum directed against the mature region of porcine inhibin alpha (1-19, Tyr20) revealed positive reactions in process-bearing cells resembling astroglia in several regions, especially in the dorsal region of the third ventricle, medial and ventral arcuate nucleus, hippocampal dentate gyrus, and layers 1-3 of the cerebral cortex. Generally, inhibin alpha-positive cells in the limbic cortex had larger cell bodies and longer processes than those in the hypothalamus. These inhibin alpha-positive cells were verified to be positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a differentiated astroglial marker, by double immunolabelling. The expression of inhibin alpha mRNA was higher in the brains of neonatal rats than in those of adult rats, as revealed by reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction, although the similar changes of immunoreactive inhibin alpha subunit in the brain was not observed. Orchiectomy did not affect expression of inhibin alpha mRNA in the hypothalamic area. This study suggests that inhibin-related peptide is produced by differentiated astrocytes, especially in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the cerebral cortex, and that the expression of inhibin alpha is regulated during brain development.
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