Objectives: To study the immunohistochemical markers in invasive carcinoma of breast and to assess the relationship of hormonal receptors and Her2Neu oncoprotein with grade of tumour. Materials and methods: This was a comparative cross sectional study conducted at Chughtais Lahore lab from Jan 2011-Oct 2011. Eighty two biopsy proven cases of breast carcinoma were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of Estrogen receptors(ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and Her2Neu oncoprotein. Grade of tumour was assessed by Scarf Bloom Richerdson Grading system. Results: This study comprised 82 cases of invasive breast carcinoma. Out of these 82 cases, 2 were males and 80 were females. Majority of the cases were between 25-45 years age group. Fifty seven cases (69.5%) were of grade 2 and 25 cases were of grade 3(30.4% cases). There was no grade 1 tumour in our study. Considering ER, PR and Her2Neu oncoprotein overexpression and grade of tumour, twenty five cases (30.4%) were ER+ PR+ and Her2Neu negative and were all grade 2. Eleven cases (13%) were ER+PR-and Her2Neu-and were grade 2.Only one case(1.2%) was ER-PR+ and Her2Neu-and was again grade 2. Eight cases (9.7%) were tripple negative with grade 3 morphology. Twenty seven cases were ER-PR-and Her2Neu positive (32.9%). Eleven cases were ER-PR-and Her2Neu+ with grade 2 morphology and 16 cases were grade 3. Ten cases (12.1%) were tripple positive having 9 cases with grade 2 morphology and one case with grade 3 morpholgy. Conclusion: Reactivity of steroid receptors decreases with increasing grade. Tripple negative tumours usually exhibit higher grade. Her2 Neu positivity is also associated with higher grade and poor survival rate.
The purpose of this research study is to look at, how the utilization of planning techniques / strategies having the most important impacts on any project /organization’s success and imaginative problem?solving. In particular Project Planning Techniques, three most important arranging basic strategies including, Gantt graphs, case?based arranging and basic way investigation, were studied &analyzed. As this study is an empirical in nature which purposes to highlight the project standards used to examine the accomplishment of projects and the project planning techniques being practically applicable. It is quantitative research study and questionnaires were asked to access the variables and associate with the existing literature. Project Success criteria were graded which were found to be dissimilar in this field as compare to others. It also presented the knowledge and usage of project planning techniques for categorizing the room of improvement as for as the Project Success is concerned, where some professional trainings are required for the project team members. The role of Effective Project Governance is also very vital for project success as well. The main focus and targeted area is the construction industry of Pakistan.
The main purpose of this research is to use “DMAIC” and “DMADV” framework of six sigma to reduce cost of projects, increase yields, improve performance and reduce defects. This study conclude that the sigma level of cement bag production in four production lines is “4.7 DPMO” values of 710 and the possibility of defects per unit of 11 possibilities this situation was handled by using six sigma. Any business or industry run only to satisfy customer and increase their profits, this can be attained as development of quality product..For the ranking of newly established universities the certification of those institutes is very important and also a critical process. For this process we used Lean six sigma approach that can identify the wastes that affect this process.Six sigma can be applied to any work field such as education, power optimization and other types of industries Six sigma “DMAIC” approach is also used for the testing of EDA tools that occurs due to the complex coding or configurations, flows and platforms they support. To improve the process quality of SDLC it’s necessary to remove the defects of system in advance along with thorough valuation of size and it also makes project accordant with real time environment
Scope, time, and cost permanently effects each other and most of Information Technology projects fails due to these three factors. Scope shifting mostly occur due to time and cost. At project start, lack of understanding of project and product scope is focal involvement that leads to unsuccessful projects. Complete software scope definition determines quality of project. Defining the customer requirement and the definite scope of project has key role for implementation of project management. The complications originates when systems are developed from impractical expectations and misunderstanding requirements. These problems are cause of many changes, occurs in system development and leads to poor scope management. Scope creep is one of the momentous prompting parameter on the success of project. The failure in manage scope creep leads for 80 percent of software projects failure. However, using agile approach the impact of scope creep on projects become insignificant. A correctly distinct scope tends us to develop a quality product, within identified plans and decided cost to the stake-holders.
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