The major wheat-producing countries have heterogeneous and fragile agro climatic surroundings but frequently restraining wheat yield and quality losses are predominant under heat and drought prone agriculture exclusively when both stresses occur in blend, which looms the food security globally. However, many suggested examples are available in these countries for the mitigation of these two stresses by using different conventional and modern improvement and agronomic approaches. In addition to these approaches, morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes, which trigged during these stresses, have also been elucidated. There complete deliberation in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest, but a win-win option is a holistic attitude in future.

This study aims to analyze the lipid, carbohydrate and protein content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa after being treated with the tofu wastewater. The method used in this study was an experimental method with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment was performed by administering different concentrations of the tofu wastewater to the C. pyrenoidosa. The concentrations used were 10%, 15% and 20%. Determination of these concentrations was based on the preliminary test. The main parameters observed were the lipid, carbohydrate and protein content of C. pyrenoidosa and the supporting parameters were the growth rate, doubling time and characteristics of the tofu wastewater. The study was conducted for 8 days using the batch culture method. In the exponential phase, the microalgae were harvested and then their contents were analyzed. The data obtained were analyzed using MS Office Excel 2016. The highest content of lipid, carbohydrate and protein of C. pyrenoidosa was in the treatment of 20% tofu wastewater, reaching 1.56%; 28.92%; and 28.92%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest growth rate and the smallest doubling time in the treatment of 20% tofu wastewater accounted for 0.8264 day -1 and 0.0349 hours -1 . Moreover, the rates of BOD and TSS of the tofu wastewater at the end of the study decreased. It can be concluded that administering different concentrations of the tofu wastewater can affect the lipid, carbohydrate and protein content of C. pyrenoidosa. It was suggested that further research is needed to conduct semi-continuous cultivation of C. pyrenoidosa using a higher density so that the results obtained can be optimized.

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B erseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L) is the key cultivated legume fodder in South-East Asia because of its profuse vegetative growth, multicut nature, better forage output after harvesting, prolonged time of forage provision, delicious feed resource with 20-21% crude protein and 62% total edible feed (Yadav et al., 2015). It is known as "king of fodders" due to its highest tonnage capacity among fodders. It has no toxic effects. It is mainly used as green fodder and during off-season, it may be used as hay and pallets (Nigam et al., 2010). Fodder and seed yield of improved varieties are significantly higher as compared the conventionally cultivated varieties by small farmers cultivating poor quality seed, unimproved cultivars (GOP, 2014). Vegetative and reproductive phases of berseem take place at the same time leading to deprived seed setting. Seed yield in forage crop is generally low due to more vegetative Abstract | Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L) provides nutritious and palatable fodder in repeated cuttings during winter and early summer. However, its seed yield per unit area in Pakistan is relatively low as compared to other countries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of climate on fodder production, seed vigour, seed yield and total income ha -1 of three berseem varieties and to enhance the production through management of harvesting at Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan during three rabi seasons from 2015 to 2018. The experiment was arranged in split plot design with three replications. Berseem varieties (Super Late, Agaiti Berseem, Punjab Berseem) were kept in main plots and last cutting dates (10 th March, 20 th March, 30 th March, 10 th April and 20 th April) were kept in sub-plots. Results revealed considerable differences in the period of flowering as well as yield characters under different cutting managements. Seed production decreased and fodder tonnage increased with delay in last harvest for fodder. Similarly, seed quality in terms of % germination and seed size decreased with delay in last harvesting. The last performed on 20 th April produced significantly higher green fodder yield but low seed yield and total income ha -1 whereas 10 th March and 20 th March produced higher number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, tillers m -2 and seed yield. It indicated that date of last cut of fodder up to 20 th March could enable a balance between fodder yield and seed yield, resulting in higher income. Temperature ranging from 15 0 C to 38 0 C and relative humidity ranging from 60.70 to 38.69 % is required for successful completion of vegetative and reproductive phases of berseem.

Field trial was carried out during the 2019 rainy season (June to October) at the Dryland Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto to determine the growth and yield of sorghum varieties in the study area. The treatments consisted of five (5) sorghum varieties (Samsorg 45, Samsorg 46, Janjari, Yartawa and Jardawa), the treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three (3) times. Data were collected on the growth and yield of the crop. Janjari and Jardawa varieties were higher in plant height. Jardawa and Yartawa varieties were higher in number of leaves. Janjari and Yartawa varieties were higher in total dry weight. Janjari, Jardawa and Yartawa varieties were higher in harvest index. Yartawa variety was higher in leaf area, leaf area index and 1000-grain weight. Jardawa variety was higher in panicle length. Janjari variety was early in number of days to heading, flowering, and maturity and was higher in dry stalk weight. The grain yield (249 – 1506kg ha-1 ) was higher in Janjari and Yartawa varieties (1268 – 1506 kg ha-1). Based on the findings of this research, it could be concluded that Janjari and Yartawa varieties performed better than other varieties in the study area.