Despite all of the control strategies, tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of death globally and one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. The drugs used for TB treatment have drawbacks of causing adverse side effects and emergence of resistance strains. Plant-derived medicines have since been used in traditional medical system for the treatment of numerous ailments worldwide. There were nine major review publications on antimycobacteria from plants in the last 17 years. However, none is focused on Southeast Asian medicinal plants. Hence, this review is aimed at highlighting the medicinal plants of Southeast Asian origin evaluated for anti-TB. This review is based on literatures published in various electronic database. A total of 132 plants species representing 45 families and 107 genera were reviewed; 27 species representing 20.5% exhibited most significant in vitro anti-TB activity (crude extracts and/or bioactive compounds 0–<10 µg/ml). The findings may motivate various scientists to undertake the project that may result in the development of crude extract that will be consumed as complementary or alternative TB drug or as potential bioactive compounds for the development of novel anti-TB drug.

Abstract. The use of Moringa oleifera leaves extract as plant growth hormone on cowpea plant (Vigna unguiculata) has been studied at the biological garden of Usmanu Danfodiyo university, Sokoto. An extract was made by grinding young moringa leaves and diluted with water at the ratio of 1:30 25 mls, three blocks were made labelled M, F and D, with three replications each, the extract prepared was applied on block 'M' only, while a small pinch of synthetic fertilizer (Urea) was applied in block 'F' and a control treatment was set up using distilled water, which applied to each plant in hill D. results indicates that in the 3 rd week of observation the cowpea plants treated with moringa extract have the highest mean of stems, number of leaves and branches, length of leaves and branches, and thickness of stem. Then followed by those treated fertilizer mean and finally those treated with distilled water this result shows that moringa leaves extract has an improving effects on the growth of cowpea. Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is rich with numerous growth hormones, particularly zeatin that has been reported to increase the crops yield in the range of 10-45 %. Moringa leaf juice also contains micronutrients in sufficient quantities and suitable proportions that increase the growth, yield components and yield of a variety of crops.

Phytochemical and antibacterial activities of water, methanol and ethanol extracts obtained from the fruit and bark of Calotropis procera were investigated in an attempt to evaluate its medicinal potentials. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and cardiac glycosides with a very high content in water extracts. The concentration of the phytochemical constituents were in the order of water > methanol > ethanol. Antibacterial activity was determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyrogenes. Water extracts showed inhibition against the tested organisms at 30 mg/ml. Methanol and ethanol extracts did not show an appreciable activity at 30 and 90 mg/ml respectively. The result of this study validates the use of water extract of this species in ethnomedicine and could provide a lead in the isolation of antibacterial agents from water extracts of Calotropis procera.

The genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) has been utilized in folk medicine for a long time in India and Southeast Asia countries. They are used in the treatment of leprosy, cholera, night blindness, gastrointestinal discomfort, dysentery, stomachache, and bed-wetting among others. This review highlights the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of both crude extracts and pure bioactive compounds of Nepenthes spp. The phytochemical compounds isolated from Nepenthes species include flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids among other phytochemicals. A wide range of pharmacological activities was exhibited by the crude extracts and pure bioactive components such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and hypolipidemic activities. This review revealed that many active compounds are present in Nepenthes spp. However, many pharmacological screenings such as anticancer, antiviral, wound healing, antihelminthic, antidiarrheal properties, among others have not been carried out yet. Therefore, more biological investigations and phytochemical screenings are required to fully explore the genus Nepenthes which may lead to development of new therapeutic agents.

Dodoru Market is popular for its weekly Market day in Kebbi State, Nigeria. People converge at the market every Monday from various places to buy or sell. Survey of ticks on camels and cattle brought to Dodoru Market for sale was conducted. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of camel and cattle ticks. A total of 90 animals (40 camels and 50 cattle) were examined. Five tick species were identified and prevalence was evaluated. Results revealed that 32 of the camels were infected with the prevalence of 35.6% and cattle were also infested with 44.4 % prevalence. Boophilus decoloratus has the highest prevalence of 29.1 % in both camels and cattle. Thigh and abdomen were more susceptible to ticks species with the prevalence of 37.7 %. The survey also shows that cattle were more infested than camels and thigh/abdomen was observed to be the most preferred locations for ticks in both camels and cattle.

Mentha piperita well-known as peppermint is widely cultivated worldwide and used for its medicinal values. The purpose of this research was to evaluate fresh and dried M. piperita with the aim of quantifying chemical information, that might serve as a guide to exploit its potential and benefits for human nutrition. The phytochemical screening discovered that all of them possess flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroid, glycosides and volatile oils. The proximate composition were determined according to the perspectives methods, while mineral elements were determined using EDTA method. Proximate analysis of both samples revealed that it contained 92.31% and 56.31% carbohydrates, 2.19% and 7.69% protein, 0.50% and 5% lipid, 1.5% and 9% fibre, 3.57% and 22%, ash, 89.5% and 9%, moisture respectively. The most predominant mineral found was potassium with a value of 72% and 23%, sodium 13% and 7.75%, and other minerals were found in low values ranging from calcium 0.5% and 0. 045%, magnesium 0.005% and 0.235%, and phosphorus 0.341% and 0.325%, respectively. This study contributes to the development of nutritional database of edible plants worldwide. In conclusion, fresh sample of M. piperita can be an excellent source of nutrients and antioxidant components.

Objective: This review focused on Malaysian medicinal plants that have been evaluated and pose potentials to treat breast cancer. Results: A total of 105 plants species representing 54 different families and 79 genera were reviewed. 97% of the plants were tested using MCF-7 and MDA-231 breast cancer cell lines and exhibited most significant in vitro anticancer activity, and 3% were tested using another type of breast cancer cell lines. Most of the bioactive compounds of the medicinal plants that exhibited good activity (IC 50 values <120 µg/mL) are a group of phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Induction of apoptosis was found to be the significant cell death pathway. Methods Conclusion:This article reviews the available literature concerning research on anti-breast cancer plants. Furthermore, identification and characterization of active components and toxicology evaluation also need to be studied in details and also point out their clinical trials.

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