Graphene, an sp2 hybridized single sheet of carbon atoms organized in a honeycomb lattice, is a zero band gap semiconductor or semimetal. This emerging material has been the subject of recent intensive research due to the novelty of its structural, electronic, optical, mechanical, and magnetic properties. Due to these properties, graphene is a favorable material for the fabrication of electronic devices, transparent electrodes, spintronics devices, and a growing array of several other applications that explore the potential of this marvelous material. However, the lack of intrinsic band gap and nonmagnetic nature of graphene limit its practical applications in the widely expanding field of carbon-based devices. To take advantage of the hidden potential of this material, numerous techniques have been developed to tailor its electronic and magnetic properties. These methods include the mutual interaction between graphene layer and its substrate, doping with surface adatoms, substitutional doping, vacancy creation, and edges and strain manipulation. Herein, an overview of recently emerging innovative techniques adopted to tailor the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene is presented. The limitations, possible directions for future research and applications in diverse fields of these methods are also mentionedpublishersversionPeer reviewe
Flooding from the Indus river and its tributaries has regularly influenced the region of Pakistan. Therefore, in order to limit the misfortune brought about by these inevitable happenings, it requires taking measures to estimate the occurrence and effects of these events. The current study uses flood frequency analysis for the forecast of floods along the Indus river of Pakistan (Tarbela). The peak and volume are the characteristics of a flood that commonly depend on one another. For progressively proficient hazard investigation, a bivariate copula method is used to measure the peak and volume. A univariate analysis of flood data fails to capture the multivariate nature of these data. Copula is the most common technique
3D holey-graphene networks were constructed with a generalized ex situ method for various electroactive nanoparticles to expedite Li+/electron migration.
Inspired by the multifunctional properties of cicada wings, we have precisely replicated biomorphic SiO2 with antireflective structures (ARSs) using a simple, inexpensive, and highly effective sol-gel ultrasonic method. The biomorphic replica of SiO2 was directly achieved from a cicada template at high calcination. The biomorphic SiO2 not only inherited the ARS effectively but also exhibited the excellent angle dependent antireflective properties over a wide range of incident angles (10°–60°). The change in reflectance spectra (visible wavelength) of biomorphic SiO2 was observed from 0.3% to 3.3% with the increasing incident angles. The smooth surface of the SiO2 crystal without nanostructures showed a high reflection of 9.2% compared to the biomorphic SiO2 with ARS. These excellent antireflective properties of biomorphic SiO2 can be attributed to the nanoscale structures which introduce a gradient in the refractive index between air and the material surface via ARS. In the meantime, biomorphic SiO2 demonstrates high hydrophilic properties due to the existence of nanostructures on its surface. These multifunctional properties of biomorphic SiO2, angle dependent antireflective properties, and hydrophilicity with high thermal stability may have potential applications in solar cells and antifogging optical materials.
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