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Cysteine and homocysteine (Hcy), both sulfur‐containing amino acids (AAs), produced from methionine another sulfur‐containing amino acid, which is converted to Hcy and further converted to cysteine. This article aims to highlight the link between cysteine and Hcy, and their mechanisms, important functions, play in the body and their role as a biomarker for various types of diseases. So that using cysteine and Hcy as a biomarker, we can prevent and diagnose many diseases. This review concluded that hyperhomocysteinemia (elevated levels of homocysteine) is considered as toxic for cells and is associated with different health problems. Hyperhomocysteinemia and low levels of cysteine associated with various diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic stroke, neurological disorders, diabetes, cancer like lung and colorectal cancer, renal dysfunction‐linked conditions, and vitiligo.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the combined impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasound (US) to evaluate the physicochemical, bioactive compounds and chemical structure of almond extract. Almond extract was first treated with PEF and then with US. Combined treatment (PEF-US) has attained the highest value of total phenolics, total flavonoids, condense tannins, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activity in DPPH, reducing power and metal chelating activity than all other treatments. Among all those treatments, there was slightly visible difference in the color. Moreover, FT-IR spectra indicate that the effect of PEF-US on almond extract did not produce new carbonyl compounds, but led to the higher concentration of these compounds. This study demonstrated that the PEF-US could be useful for the extraction of bioactive compounds as well as improving the stability of volatile compounds.

Luteolin is a 3′, 4′, 5, 7 tetra hydroxyl flavonoid that exits in many plants, fruits, and vegetable. Many methods of extraction, isolation, and purification are being used, and therapeutic properties are being under discussion due to its valuable role in nutrition and human health. In this review, we have summarized conventional and novel extraction techniques from most recent research on luteolin, its derivatives, and its biological activities. Maceration, soxhlet, reflux, hydrodistillation, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, ultrasound microwave‐assisted extraction, enzyme‐assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography extraction techniques are being used for isolation and purification of these phytochemicals. The anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer, antioxidant, antiviral, heart protective, neurological impairments protection, anti‐aging, and whiting properties have been discussed in this review. The literature suggests luteolin and its derivative has many promising health benefits and its therapeutic activity is strongly associated with isolating and purifying solvents and extraction techniques. Practical applications This review aims to highlight the sources, novel extraction techniques, and pharmaceutical properties of luteolin. This review provides enough knowledge about how to get maximum extraction yield of luteolin using the novel extraction techniques. Because its therapeutic activity is strongly associated with isolating and purifying solvents and techniques.

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