During 2013–2015, prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in war-affected Waziristan areas was 3.61% by PCR. Youths (1–15 years of age) were more susceptible. Internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis identified Leishmania tropica in 215 samples and Leishmania major in 6 samples.

Antimicrobial agents are the most valuable means available for treating bacterial infections. Lincomycin and tetracycline are common brand having antibacterial activity. It is considered to be a cost-effective drugs because of its low cost, good activity against pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. Antibiotic in the animal feed as growth promoters are primarily source of antibiotic resistance and stress factor for gut epithelium. Current studies will elaborate the advances in understanding toxicity induce by tetracycline and lincomycin on mucosal layer of gut of broiler. Following parameters such feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were studied on weekly basis which show FCR of the lincomycin group was greater as compared to tetracycline group and control group minimum FCR was found in tetracycline group. ND and IBD (New castle disease and Infectious bursal disease) titer was also affected.

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