Drug Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Milk of Goats and Risk Factors Associated with Goat Mastitis in Pakistan

Aqib, Amjad Islam; Nighat, Shagufta; Ahmed, Rais; Sana, Saba; Jamal, Muhammad Ameen; Kulyar, Muhammad Fakhar‐e‐Alam; Khan, Noor; Sarwar, Mian Saeed; Hussain, Muhammad Asif; Asadullah, Asadullah; Rahman, Attaur; Rahman, Sadeeq ur

doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.307.315

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Our results showed that the highest proportion (28.18%) of the bacterial isolates belonged to the Staphylococcus genus, particularly S. aureus (17.45%), which was similar to other studies reporting that the highest proportion of the isolates from goats with subclinical mastitis was S. aureus , ranging from 23.4% to 61.64% [ 15 , 33 , 37 , 38 ]. Staphylococci are listed as the major causative agents in the development of contagious mastitis [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

β-lactam resistance in bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in Thika Subcounty, Kenya

et al. 2020

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Aim: This study determined the resistance pattern to β-lactam antibiotics of bacteria isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis in Thika subcounty, Kenya. We also administered a questionnaire to assess the risk factors associated with the occurrence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Materials and Methods: We collected milk samples from 110 lactating dairy goats in Thika subcounty to screen for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed according to colony morphology, the hemolytic pattern on sheep blood agar, lactose fermentation on MacConkey plates, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the agar disk diffusion method using penicillin G, cephalexin, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime antibiotic disks. The double-disk synergy test using amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was employed as a confirmatory test for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance (p≤0.05 was considered significant). Results: Of the 110 dairy goats sampled, 72.7% (80) were positive for subclinical mastitis. Isolation and identification of the bacteria from the positive samples yielded 149 bacteria isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., Yersinia spp., coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Escherichia coli. A high percentage (76.5%, 114/149) of the bacterial isolates was resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. At least 56/106 isolates (52.8%) showing cross-resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics were resistant to all four of the tested antibiotics, while only one isolate was resistant to three antibiotics (penicillin G, cephalexin, and cefoxitin). The double-disk synergy test confirmed that none of the isolates possessed ESBLs. Pre- and post-milking practices (p=0.0336) were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: A large proportion of the goats in our study cohort were infected with β-lactam-resistant bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis. Because the identified bacteria are of zoonotic importance, further studies should be undertaken to determine the transmission dynamics between humans and livestock and to identify novel intervention strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

β-lactam resistance in bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in Thika Subcounty, Kenya

et al. 2020

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“…The overall prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis found was 71.1% in cattle similar to earlier reported by Mekonnen et al (2017) in Ethiopia. The prevalence estimated here is much higher reported in other studies previously from Pakistan (Akhtar and Tanweer, 2016;(Aqib et al, 2019). The finding shows that overall prevalence of MRSA was 54% in the Pothohar region of Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…It could also be attributed to several other factors such as climatic factors affecting the susceptibility of animals to pathogens (Khan et al, 2015). MRSA's contagious nature makes it more lethal when number of animals kept together increases, grazing system (by grazing different farm animals together), lack of awareness (unsatisfactory awareness level in the study area), unhygienic and bio-security measures (especially quarantine of newly arrived animals and diseased animals) (Aqib et al, 2019). The low prevalence reported in previous studies could be due to diagnostic tools creating inconsistency for determination of MRSA prevalence, due to poor appearance of mecA gene or excessive-production of ß-lactamase (Haran et al, 2012), mecA documented a most accurate method for MRSA detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Cattle of Pothohar Region, Pakistan

Khan¹

2019

PVJ

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Sub-clinical mastitis has remained the leading cause for decline in production of dairy animals as a silent epidemic all the times in Pakistan. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and potential risk factors for sub-clinical mastitis in the Pothohar region of Pakistan in 2018. Total of 104 cattle milk samples were collected from commercial and subsistent dairy farms. CMT positive samples were cultured and biochemical tests were conducted before confirmed on PCR for mecA gene Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. In-vitro antibiotic susceptibility was also assessed. An overall prevalence of 71.1% was found; where cross-bred was found more susceptible (80.7%) as compared to other breeds. MecA gene-MRSA prevalence based on PCR was 54%. On regression analysis the potential risk factors identified here included; daily milk yield, parity, udder shape, teat morphology, shed type, quarantine of new animals and deworming of animals (OR>1; P-value<0.05). In MRSA confirmed isolates, Penicillin group was found highly resistant (92.5%) amongst all the groups. While amongst individual antibiotics Amoxicillin was found highly (100%) resistant followed by Cefixime and Spectinomycin. Whereas based on sensitivity Quinolone (Moxifloxacin 95%) group was the most sensitive (91.7%) followed by Sulphonamides (Sulphaphenazole 87.5%) and Amino-glycoside (Gentamycin 90%). An emerging pattern of mecA gene MRSA was recorded here with alarming subclinical mastitis prevalence in the study area. Immediate preventive measures need to be taken to address the problem. The findings of the current study will assess in control and prevention of subclinical mastitis in Pakistan. A, 2019. Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in cattle of Pothohar Region, Pakistan. Pak Vet J, 39(3): 438-442. http://dx.

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“…However, a few available reports can serve as a point of start for a strategy against AMR. Escherichia coli isolated from poultry have been reported to acquire plasmid-mediated colistin (mcr-1) resistance in recent studies in Pakistan (Azam et al, 2017;Lv et al, 2018;Aqib et al, 2019). Similarly, an estimated 90% of retail meat samples were found contaminated with multidrugresistant Campylobacter spp.…”

Section: Development Of Amr and Its Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Under Reported Issue of Antibiotic-Resistance in Food-Producing Animals in Pakistan

Rahman¹

2019

PVJ

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The recent revelation of a plasmid-mediated colistin resistant superbug isolated in China from food-producing animals (FPAs) and epidemic of a pan-drug resistant human typhoid strain in Hyderabad, Pakistan proved the notion that novel mechanisms of antibiotic resistance will emerge as we continue to rely on consistent use of antibiotics. The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance is accelerated up by indiscriminate and incessant usage of antibiotics due to uncontrolled infections in hospital settings, community, FPAs and aquaculture. Unfortunately, a major part of the global antimicrobial usage is utilized in FPAs either for therapeutic purpose and/or as growth promoters raising vital concerns of the emergence of novel multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Pakistan-an agriculture-based country ranking in top ten livestock producing countries is currently shifting towards modern intense farming practices whereby animals are being supplemented with antibiotics on routine basis. However, unfortunately, monitoring usage of antibiotics in FPAs is lacking. Above all, the absence of systemic surveillance data on the level, frequency and impact of antimicrobial resistance further making it more challenging to devise antimicrobial-resistancecontrol strategies. We are highlighting this lack of information and hope that this review will help us in getting attention of policymakers for improving infection control measures and implementing laws on restricted use of antibiotics in animals.

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Drug Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Milk of Goats and Risk Factors Associated with Goat Mastitis in Pakistan

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

β-lactam resistance in bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in Thika Subcounty, Kenya

β-lactam resistance in bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in Thika Subcounty, Kenya

Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Cattle of Pothohar Region, Pakistan

The Under Reported Issue of Antibiotic-Resistance in Food-Producing Animals in Pakistan

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