Phytoviruses
are highly destructive plant pathogens, causing significant
agricultural losses due to their genomic diversity, rapid, and dynamic
evolution, and the general inadequacy of management options. Although
an increasing number of studies are being published demonstrating
the efficacy of engineered nanomaterials to treat a range of plant
pathogens, very little work has been done with phytoviruses. Herein,
we describe the emerging field of “Nanophytovirology”
as a potential management approach to combat plant viral diseases.
Because of their special physiochemical properties, nanoparticles
(NPs) can interact with viruses, their vectors, and the host plants
in a variety of specific and useful ways. We specifically describe
the potential mechanisms underlying NPs–plant–virus
interactions and explore the antiviral role of NPs. We discuss the
limited literature, as well as the challenges and research gaps that
are instrumental to the successful development of a nanotechnology-based,
multidisciplinary approach for timely detection, treatment, and prevention
of viral diseases.
The ubiquitous presence of nanoplastics
(NPx) and microplastics
(MPx) in the environment has been demonstrated, and as such, the exposure
scenarios, mechanisms of plant response, and ultimate risk must be
determined. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of the most recent
literature investigating the effect of MPx/NPx on plant species under
laboratory and field conditions so as to evaluate the current state
of knowledge. Effects of MPx/NPx exposure in plants vary as a function
of plant species, and interestingly, nonsignificant responses are
reported in staple crops. We found that NPx (<100 nm) more negatively
affected plant development parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and
biochemical indicators than did MPx (>100 nm). Surprisingly, NPx
exposure
exhibited negligible effects on germination rate, although root morphology
was negatively affected. Alternatively, MPx negatively affected (14%)
germination and generally exhibited nonsignificant effects on root
morphology. The effect of MPx/NPx on plant health decreases with increasing
exposure time. No specific trends were evident for the production
of biochemical enzymes as related to MPx/NPx concentration or size.
Furthermore, we provided a framework for additional investigative
work to address the knowledge gaps and to enable accurate assessment
of the fate and risk of these materials to environmental and human
health.
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