The recently emerged coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has been characterised as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), is impacting all parts of human society including agriculture, manufacturing, and tertiary sectors involving all service provision industries. This paper aims to give an overview of potential host reservoirs that could cause pandemic outbreak caused by zoonotic transmission. Amongst all, continues surveillance in slaughterhouse for possible pathogens transmission is needed to prevent next pandemic outbreak. This paper also summary the potential threats of pandemic to agriculture and aquaculture sector that control almost the total food supply chain and market. The history lesson from the past, emerging and reemerging infectious disease including the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Influenza A H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 and the recent COVID-19 should give us some clue to improve especially the governance to be more ready for next coming pandemic.
Activated macrophages play a central role in controlling inflammatory responses to infection and are tightly regulated to rapidly mount responses to infectious challenge. Type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-␣/]) and type II interferon (IFN-␥Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice is a well-established model system for the study of acute, persistent, and latent infections of betaherpesviruses and their control by the host immune system (32,35,58,60). Both human CMV (HCMV) and MCMV infect a broad range of tissues in their respective hosts, including fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells, and, significantly, immune cells of the myeloid lineage (13,57,69,70). Differentiated macrophages of this lineage residing in infected tissues play a key role in eliciting the host immune response but are also permissive for CMV infection and serve as disseminators of the virus throughout the host (reviewed in reference 29).In immunocompetent hosts, primary CMV infections are generally asymptomatic, with immune cells either killing virusinfected cells or restricting viral cell-to-cell spread and replication. The latter effect occurs via induction of an antiviral state in noninfected cells or the activation of immune cells by soluble mediators such as type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-␣/]) and type II interferon (IFN-␥) (8,10,41,50,60,73). Several hundred genes stimulated in response to both type I and type II IFNs have been identified by microarrays in various cell types over the years (18,19,37,38,66). In contrast, the recently discovered type III IFNs are not well characterized but may have comparable functions to the type I IFNs, mediated by shared downstream signaling and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (3, 33, 42, 63, 72, 78, 84). Type III IFNs are
This article presents both experimental and computational study of a new Ni(II) complex, namely, bis{2-(2-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido-κ2N2, S}nickel(II) (abbreviate as NiL2). The complex was synthesized and well characterized using various spectroscopic methods. The single X-ray crystallographic study revealed a distorted square planar geometry around Ni(II) metal ion centre in which the angles deviated from ideal 90° with a maximum value of 6.57° occupied by nitrogen and sulphur donor atoms. The theoretical bond lengths and angles for the NiL2 complex were obtained by using the B3LYP level of density function theory (DFT) with LANL2DZ/6-311G (d, p) basis sets. These results showed very good agreement with the experimental X-ray values. The electrophilicity index (ω = 50.233 eV) shows that the NiL2 complex is a very strong electrophile. In addition, strong F⋯H/H⋯F interactions with 28.5% of the total Hirshfeld surface analyses in NiL2 were obtained indicating that the complex could bind with protein effectively. Furthermore, the new NiL2 complex was docked with plasma retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) (PDB id: 5NU7), which implied that the NiL2 complex bound to Tyrosine 133 and Aspartate 102 amino acids via N-H intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Eye infection due to microbial infection is hard to treat and painful. Two types of eye drops that are commonly used to relieve eye pain offered by pharmacists have been tested in this study namely solution A (containing tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride) and solution B (containing gentamicin and dexamethasone). The efficacy and the activities of these eye drops were tested on Acanthamoeba sp. (a clinical isolate from an Acanthamoeba keratitis patient) to study the cytotoxicity effects of the solutions on the Acanthamoeba. The Acanthamoeba were exposed to solution A and B for 24 hr and cell viability was assessed using MTT assays, morphological changes using the light microscope and through acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining for cytoplasmic biochemical activities. The IC50 value for Acanthamoeba cell viability was 45.1% and 20.3% for solutions A and B respectively. Morphological observation shows the inhibition of acanthapodia formation on the surface of the cells. Solution A and B-treated Acanthamoeba appeared in the red color of the cytoplasm upon staining with AO/PI indicating a necrotic mode of cell death. This is due to loss of membrane integrity of Acanthamoeba cell membrane after exposed to solution A and B at their IC50 value. It is shown that solutions A and B can cause cell death in trophozoite of Acanthamoeba cells at moderate IC50 value. Unfortunately, the necrosis mode of cell death is not a preferable type of cell death for treating Acanthamoeba infection. Therefore, it can be concluded that solutions A and B are not suitable to treat eye infected with Acanthamoeba sp. as it does not promise absolute healing as the solution concentration needed is quite high and the cell death mechanism is necrosis.
The naturally occurring and synthesised nanoparticles (NPs) display significant effects on the physiology of plants. This paper emphasised the current application of synthetic NPs in agriculture, several advantages and physiological responses during the growth of plants. Nano pore size of particles provides higher surface areas hence enhances the water holding capacity of the soil, efficacy delivery of fertilisers and pesticides (pest and diseases infestation) on crops. The application of NPs via soil or mist involves uptake by plant via roots or foliar cell wall and translocation to other organs through vascular system and plasmodesmata within the cells. The physicochemical properties of NPs have advantages including enabling the increase of soil water retention in mitigating the drought and/or salinity stresses in plants. Nanoparticles enhance the germination of seed and maintain plant growth by promoting the production of enzymes in scavenging oxygen radicals, phytohormone balancing, nutrient metabolisms and expression of amino acid biosynthetic genes and photosystem. Given the diverse physiological and molecular effects of NPs, precautionary steps prior to their application either as fertiliser or carrier should be considered to avoid toxicity and destructive effects on plants, animals, water body and the environment.
The recent infill wells of MDE were drilled and completed with the most complicated architecture in CPOC. They were designed with high inclination reaching almost 87 degree and 2.6 ERD ratio in order to optimize hydrocarbon recovery from multi-stacked reservoirs within the area. The study, driven by cost effective initiatives, compared wireline tractor conveyed perforation (run in normal and reverse deployment modes) and coiled tubing conveyed perforation (again, run in normal and reverse deployment modes). The aim of this study is to provide the most efficient technique to achieve maximum hydrocarbon returns with low operational costs and minimum risks. The scope of this study includes consideration of well test requirement and net over gross ratio of perforation interval. Four (4) options are feasible to complete these high inclination and long departure wells: wireline tractor-conveyed perforation (run in normal and reverse deploy modes); and coiled tubing-conveyed perforation (run in normal and reverse deploy modes). The analysis includes several factors such as different rig-up height, perforation depth accuracy, perforation flexibility, operation time, and tool requirement. Generally, the job executions begin by rigging up the perforating gun into wireline or coiled tubing conveyance, then running in hole to designated target depths. The wireline tractor with reverse deployment and multiple-firing system was the chosen method, deployed for the first time in slim hole, high inclination and long departure wells within Joint Development Area (JDA), Gulf of Thailand. This conveyance method proved to provide a 68% reduction in numbers of runs, with cost reductions of 25% and 50% in operating day and operating costs respectively. Perforating operations in all three wells were successfully completed with 269 meters total perforation length. The tractor operated for a total distance of 94 kilometers which is considered as the longest tractor marathon in a campaign worldwide. The utilization of tractors for this campaign is considered as a record breaking for the operators and contractors. As a result, the wells have been able to deliver the gas as expected and fulfill the nomination to buyer demand.
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