The recently emerged coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has been characterised as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), is impacting all parts of human society including agriculture, manufacturing, and tertiary sectors involving all service provision industries. This paper aims to give an overview of potential host reservoirs that could cause pandemic outbreak caused by zoonotic transmission. Amongst all, continues surveillance in slaughterhouse for possible pathogens transmission is needed to prevent next pandemic outbreak. This paper also summary the potential threats of pandemic to agriculture and aquaculture sector that control almost the total food supply chain and market. The history lesson from the past, emerging and reemerging infectious disease including the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Influenza A H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 and the recent COVID-19 should give us some clue to improve especially the governance to be more ready for next coming pandemic.

Activated macrophages play a central role in controlling inflammatory responses to infection and are tightly regulated to rapidly mount responses to infectious challenge. Type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-␣/␤]) and type II interferon (IFN-␥Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice is a well-established model system for the study of acute, persistent, and latent infections of betaherpesviruses and their control by the host immune system (32,35,58,60). Both human CMV (HCMV) and MCMV infect a broad range of tissues in their respective hosts, including fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells, and, significantly, immune cells of the myeloid lineage (13,57,69,70). Differentiated macrophages of this lineage residing in infected tissues play a key role in eliciting the host immune response but are also permissive for CMV infection and serve as disseminators of the virus throughout the host (reviewed in reference 29).In immunocompetent hosts, primary CMV infections are generally asymptomatic, with immune cells either killing virusinfected cells or restricting viral cell-to-cell spread and replication. The latter effect occurs via induction of an antiviral state in noninfected cells or the activation of immune cells by soluble mediators such as type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-␣/␤]) and type II interferon (IFN-␥) (8,10,41,50,60,73). Several hundred genes stimulated in response to both type I and type II IFNs have been identified by microarrays in various cell types over the years (18,19,37,38,66). In contrast, the recently discovered type III IFNs are not well characterized but may have comparable functions to the type I IFNs, mediated by shared downstream signaling and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (3, 33, 42, 63, 72, 78, 84). Type III IFNs are

This article presents both experimental and computational study of a new Ni(II) complex, namely, bis{2-(2-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido-κ2N2, S}nickel(II) (abbreviate as NiL2). The complex was synthesized and well characterized using various spectroscopic methods. The single X-ray crystallographic study revealed a distorted square planar geometry around Ni(II) metal ion centre in which the angles deviated from ideal 90° with a maximum value of 6.57° occupied by nitrogen and sulphur donor atoms. The theoretical bond lengths and angles for the NiL2 complex were obtained by using the B3LYP level of density function theory (DFT) with LANL2DZ/6-311G (d, p) basis sets. These results showed very good agreement with the experimental X-ray values. The electrophilicity index (ω = 50.233 eV) shows that the NiL2 complex is a very strong electrophile. In addition, strong F⋯H/H⋯F interactions with 28.5% of the total Hirshfeld surface analyses in NiL2 were obtained indicating that the complex could bind with protein effectively. Furthermore, the new NiL2 complex was docked with plasma retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) (PDB id: 5NU7), which implied that the NiL2 complex bound to Tyrosine 133 and Aspartate 102 amino acids via N-H intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

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The naturally occurring and synthesised nanoparticles (NPs) display significant effects on the physiology of plants. This paper emphasised the current application of synthetic NPs in agriculture, several advantages and physiological responses during the growth of plants. Nano pore size of particles provides higher surface areas hence enhances the water holding capacity of the soil, efficacy delivery of fertilisers and pesticides (pest and diseases infestation) on crops. The application of NPs via soil or mist involves uptake by plant via roots or foliar cell wall and translocation to other organs through vascular system and plasmodesmata within the cells. The physicochemical properties of NPs have advantages including enabling the increase of soil water retention in mitigating the drought and/or salinity stresses in plants. Nanoparticles enhance the germination of seed and maintain plant growth by promoting the production of enzymes in scavenging oxygen radicals, phytohormone balancing, nutrient metabolisms and expression of amino acid biosynthetic genes and photosystem. Given the diverse physiological and molecular effects of NPs, precautionary steps prior to their application either as fertiliser or carrier should be considered to avoid toxicity and destructive effects on plants, animals, water body and the environment.

Roots play important roles in tree structural adaptation and accumulation of nutrients during growth. This is particularly critical for mangrove trees that facing strong current and weak based for implantation in the sand. However, how the complexity of mangrove roots contributes to structural adaptation and affect sedimentation remains unelucidated. In this study, the complexity of Rhizophora apiculata’s roots influence the sedimentation under the root structures and at the walkway area in Pantai Kelanang, Morib were investigated. The complexity of R. apiculata pneumatophores was computationally analyzed. The sediment composition was measured using a wet-sieve method and laser diffraction method. The correlative analysis shows that no definite pattern between angles and lengths of R. apiculata roots. Assessment of sediment composition shows significant differences between walkways and under the roots. There is a high accumulation of organic matter and sand in sediment samples from under the roots. While the walkway has a high accumulation of clays and silt than others. Mathematical scoring reveals a positive association between root complexities with the accumulation of organic matters and sand in both areas. While sand and clay accumulation are inversely associated.

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