Water related environmental pollution has long been a major concern not only in Bangladesh but also in other developing countries. Present study assessed the pathogenic prevalence in municipal water supplied across Mirpur zone, Dhaka, and its subsequent health impact on the local community. Elevated numbers of pathogenic bacteria including Aeromonas spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. were found in the consumer points (n ¼ 30) compared to that of the supply points (n ¼ 10). Additionally, proliferation of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. was monitored among the consumer points and not in the supply points. Drug resistance was scored against ampicillin (10 mg), ciprofloxacin (5 mg), ceftriazone (30 mg), penicillin (10 mg), nalidixic acid (30 mg), and vancomycin (30 mg). Hence, the municipal water of the study area was microbiologically unsafe, and the propagation of drug resistant strains was assumed to escalate the public health threat. A survey on public opinions was also conducted to evidently chalk out the impact of municipal water on the specific community studied.
Present study attempted to assess the level of microbiological contamination in oral herbal medicines, frequently used for medications, through conventional cultural and biochemical tests along with the antibiogram of the isolates. Moreover, the anti-bacterial potential of the herbal medicines was also aimed to be checked by the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Out of 10 categories of liquid oral herbal medicine samples (n = 50) studied, all were found to be contaminated with bacteria (103-105 cfu/mL), specifically with Staphylococcus spp. in 8 samples; while 2 samples harbored Klebsiella spp. Fungal presence was observed only in one sample. Study of antibiogram revealed Klebsiella spp. to be strongly resistant against penicillin G and erythromycin, whereas S. aureus possessed 80% sensitivity. The in vitro anti-bacterial activity was observed in 7 samples. Of them, one sample was found to exhibit the activity against almost all the test bacteria and another was found effective against 5 out of 8 test bacteria. Five samples showed the activity within a minor range while 3 samples were devoid of such trait. Samples 2 and 4 were found to stall the bacterial growth below 10 mg/mL of concentration in MIC test. Overall, the prevalence of specific pathogens was not so significant in the samples studied as well as only one drug-resistant isolate was identified. Besides, the anti-bacterial trait of 5 samples indicated that most of herbal medicines might be considered effective for medication.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-739) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Objectives:The increase in resistance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains to vancomycin has been perceived as a formidable threat in the therapeutic fields. The present study investigated the vancomycin resistance traits of MRSA isolates [vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA)] collected from burn patients.Materials and Methods:Twenty-nine of 40 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were identified as S. aureus which were further tested against 20 commercially available antibiotics to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns.Results:Imipenem was the most potential antibiotic resulting in 90% sensitivity, followed by netilmicin, clindamycin, and nitrofurantoin (80% sensitivity). All isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin. Approximately 75% of them were found to be resistant to methicillin, oxacillin, azithromycin, cipro-floxacin, and tetracycline. Approximately 45% isolates exhibited resistance to amikacin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, and tobramycin. Twenty-one of the 29 strains of S. aureus were MRSA, of which 11 were resistant to vancomycin when employing the disc diffusion method. However, when the broth micro-dilution procedure was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin, eight isolates were resistant to vancomycin, six with an MIC of 32 μg/mL and two with an MIC of 64 μg/mL.Conclusion:A significant fraction of VRSA was found among MRSA strains in this study, revealing the necessity for new and effective drugs against MRSA.
Present study conducted a complete investigation on microorganisms contaminating the imported apples commonly consumed in Dhaka metropolis, Bangladesh. Study of microbial prevalence demonstrated a substantial number of total viable bacteria (~10 7 cfu/g) in each of the dissected portions, i. e., surface, body and core of the samples except for the body and core portion of Malus paulared (Paula Red). Among the specific pathogens, Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant within a range of 1.6×10 5 -2.8×10 7 cfu/g, while Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Listeria spp. were also identified. Fungal contamination (~10 6 cfu/g) was observed only in the surface of each of the categories of apple samples tested. Study of antibiogram showed that most of the bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR); however, study of antimicrobial activity showed that the Malus pumila (Golden delicious apple) samples possessed the anti-bacterial effect against Vibrio spp. Further studies employing the in vitro challenge test revealed a decline trend in the survival potential of spoiling bacteria in the apple samples tested.
The human intestine hosts diverse microbial communities that play a significant role in maintaining gut-skin homeostasis. When the relationship between gut microbiome and the immune system is impaired, subsequent effects can be triggered on the skin, potentially promoting the development of skin diseases. The mechanisms through which the gut microbiome affects skin health are still unclear. Enhancing our understanding on the connection between skin and gut microbiome is needed to find novel ways to treat human skin disorders. In this review, we systematically evaluate current data regarding microbial ecology of healthy skin and gut, diet, pre- and probiotics, and antibiotics, on gut microbiome and their effects on skin health. We discuss potential mechanisms of the gut-skin axis and the link between the gut and skin-associated diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, rosacea, alopecia areata, and hidradenitis suppurativa. This review will increase our understanding of the impacts of gut microbiome on skin conditions to aid in finding new medications for skin-associated diseases.
Purpose – With a previous throughput of sea fish contamination with microorganisms, the present study extended the array of such spoilage over four other fish samples including Pseudapocryptes elongates, Scomberomorus cavalla, Xenentodon cancila and Otolithoides pama, evaluated the reductive impact of irradiation, and further validated the irradiation methodology in controlling the microbial quality of the sea fish samples. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Twelve samples of each sea fish were collected from super shops in Dhaka city and a portion of each sample was subjected to γ-irradiation at a dose of 3 kilo gray (kGy). Then, both non-irradiated and irradiated samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria though culture on different specific media followed by biochemical identification. Drug resistance among the pathogens was also investigated. Findings – Most of the non-irradiated samples were observed to harbor huge bacteria and fungi (1.3×102-1.5×107 cfu/g or cfu/ml) including the fecal coliforms ranging up to 105 cfu/g or cfu/ml, leading to an elevated threat to public health. Besides, the isolates were found to be resistant against single or multiple antibiotics, which further brought treatment complications during the possible disease outbreaks. However, the pathogenic load was significantly reduced after applying 3 kGy dose of γ-irradiation on the samples in consistent to the previous work using different fish samples. Research limitations/implications – A similar type of work has already been published by the group using different samples this year in the Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 2420-2430. However, even being an increment of the previous work, the present work deals with extended array of sea fish samples with an objective of controlling food safety. Practical implications – The present work further confirms and assists the knowledge of food protection and the identification of spoiling bacteria and fungi by applying replicable methods projects of the novelty and practical outcome of the work. Originality/value – The reduction of pathogenic load revealed the efficacy of γ-irradiation as a mean of preserving fish quality. Besides, the study quantified the contaminating microorganisms as well as identified the drug-resistant bacteria among sea fish samples. Traditional but standard cultural and biochemical tests, demonstration of drug resistance among the isolated microorganisms from fish samples and finally the microbial elimination by irradiation might contribute to the existing knowledge on major sea fish.
Water borne diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Bangladesh, where disease outbreaks occur due to unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygienic practices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of water used for drinking as well as household purposes in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Eighteen water samples were collected from different rivers and canals. Among those, two samples were treated with chlorine. Physico-chemical parameters (pH, salinity, turbidity, conductivity and dissolved oxygen) were monitored during the time of sample collection using portable meters. For microbiological analysis, water samples were collected in sterile screw capped bottle. All Experiments were carried out within 24 hours after collecting the samples. All the water sources were found to be contaminated with total coliform, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas spp. and Fungi except treated water samples. Several biochemical tests were performed for confirmation of suspected organisms. According to these results, huge amount of total coliform and faecal coliform were observed in every sample and these amount were very much similar for other organisms. Treated water samples were found to be microbiologically accepted than untreated water samples.
Untreated waste materials discharged from the pharmaceutical industries due to lack of legislative regulations may cast the unfavorable consequences within the environment. The present study endeavored to stress the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in both treated and untreated pharmaceutical wastes along with the assessment of the drug resistance patterns of the isolates. The existence of the total viable bacteria and fungi was estimated up to 109 and 106 colony forming unit (cfu)/mL, respectively, in treated pharmaceutical wastes. For the untreated wastes, the bacterial and the fungal load were 106 and 103 cfu/mL, respectively. Both categories of samples were found to be contaminated with an array of pathogenic bacteria including Klebsiella spp., Vibrio spp., Bacillus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Interestingly, an elevated range of pathogenic contamination was noticed in the treated samples up to 105 cfu/mL while a comparatively reduced microbial load was observed in the untreated samples within a range of 102–104 cfu/mL. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance against commonly used antibiotics while several isolates showed multi‐drug resistance. Conversely, almost all untreated samples were found to exhibit in vitro anti‐bacterial activity against eight categories of laboratory isolates tested.
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