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LAB is a diverse bacterial group consisting of 11 genuses. These bacteria are Gram-positive, nonspore-forming, coccus or rods but aerotolerant, able to ferment carbohydrates into energy and lactic acid. Lactic acid bacteria produce various compounds such as organic acids, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins or bactericidal proteins during lactic acid fermentations. Bacteriocins are peptides produced by a variety of microbes and have antimicrobial activity against closely related species. These antimicrobial agents are gaining more and more attention as an alternative therapeutics not only in pharmaceutical but also as a preservative in food industries. The main aim of this review is to highlight lactic acid bacteria and its bacteriocins.

:-The knowledge of the optimum condition for growth of Ent. FaeciumstrainB3L31 and its bacteriocin production are important when deciding on mass production of both the organism and its bacteriocin for probiotic use and as an antimicrobial agent respectively.The optimum condition viz: temperature, pH and incubation period were used to determined parameters most suitable for growthandbacteriocin production fromEnt. faecium B3L3. These three variables of optimization for growth and bacteriocin production were determined based on the growth curves. The bacteriocin production was done by growing strain of LAB onMRS broth the bacteriocin harvest was done following the chloroform precipitation. Resultobtained showed that maximum bacteriocin production occur at the tail end of the exponential phase. The most optimum pH and temperaturefor growth and bacteriocin production were found to be pH8 and37 O Crespectively. The partially purified protein when resolved on SDS-PAGE was shown to be of molecular weight 10kD. The bacteriocin also produced an inhibitory action against methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus.

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30 smoked fish samples were bought from retailers within Bauchi metropolis, from three different locations, for the isolation and identification of bacteria. 16 (53%) of the samples were catfish (Clarias specie) which were dried in the sun before smoking (DSF) and the other 14 (47%) samples were frozen mackerel which had been thawed before smoking (ISF). The dried smoked fish (DSF) samples showed the mean bacteria count of 2.4 x 10 4 cfu/g which was observed to be less than the mean count in iced smoked fish (ISF) samples which is 2.8 x 10 4 cfu/g. The three different locations which includes: Yelwa market, Wunti market and Muda Lawan market showed different aerobic bacteria count. A serial dilution of up to 10-3 in peptone water was carried out. 1ml of each sample was cultured by pour plating on Nutrient agar and McConkey agar and incubated at 37 o C for 24 hours. The isolates identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus spp and Bacillus cereus. The biochemical tests carried out for the identification for these isolates includes: Catalase test, Coagulase test, Urease test, triple sugar ion test, citrate utilization test and indole formation test.

The increase of annual soybean import in Indonesia is attributed to the increase of national consumption and low production of soybean. This is mainly due to the decrease in soil fertility as a result of excessive use of synthetic fertilizer leading to the low soybean productivity and production. One of the attempts to increase soil fertility and soybean productivity is by reducing the use of synthetic fertilizer N and optimizing the use of organic fertilizer such as sugar cane bagasse compost rich of Nitrogen. On this account, this research aims to determine the appropriate mixture of sugar cane bagasse compost and ertilizer N on the growth and yield of soybean. This research applies single factor experiment method arranged in Complete Random Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments, namely 100% N from urea (control), 25% N (sugar cane bagasse compost) + 75% N (from urea), 50% N (from sugar cane bagasse compost) + 50 % N (from urea), 75% N (from sugar cane bagasse compost) + 25% N (from urea), 100% N (from sugar cane bagasse compost). It is revealed that the mixture of 75% sugar cane bagasse compost and 25% fertilizer N from urea is the most appropriate composition for the 8.76 ton/ha soybean yield.

30 samples of locally produced and industrially produced ice cream were examined for the presence of bacteria contaminants. Bacteria count was carried out on the different samples using pour plate method. Isolates were identified using standard procedure. Different types of bacteria isolated include Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The total bacteria count per ml of the locally produced ice cream sample range from 1.4 4-3.0 4 and the total bacteria count per ml of the industrially produced ice cream sample range between 3.0 3-8.8 3 cfu/ml. The mean count of locally produced and industrially produced ice cream was 2.0 4 and 5.3 3 respectively, therefore industrially produced ice cream is more hygienic than locally produced ice cream.The presence of possible pathogenic organisms in the analyzed ice-cream sample should be viewed with concern by the consumers, producing company and the Government since food poisoning by Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp and Salmonella sp is possible through consumption of contaminated ice-cream.

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