Ephedra is a dioecious shrub that belongs to the Ephedraceae family of gymnosperms. Almost all commercial applications of Ephedra extracts are derived from the ephedrine alkaloids found in the evergreen stems. The purpose of this study was to compare chemical components (total alkaloid, ephedrine, total phenol, total flavonoid and tannin) of Ephedra major plants during May to October months. The seeds and stems were collected from Bojnoord altitudes in east of Iran. Total alkaloid was separated by solvent and soxhelet extraction method. The results revealed that solvent extraction method is more efficient than soxhelet extraction method. The measurement of chemical components showed significant difference during May to October months. Data from HPLC analysis revealed that while root is depleted of ephedrine, the ephedrine amount in stem organ ranged from 1.50 ± 0.15 to 2.12 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight. The results indicate that E. major can be as a suitable source of ephedrine.
The present study aims to model and optimize phenolic acids productions from Lactuca undulate root and leaf-derived callus using the feed-forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. For this purpose, the effect of different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/l) of Kin in combinations with or without 2,4-D and/or NAA was investigated on callus induction and phenolic acids production. A multi-layer perceptron ANN was applied to correlate the output parameters (cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents) to input (Kin, 2,4-D and NAA) training parameters. A single hidden layer with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 neurons was used to optimize ANN architecture. Sum squared error (SSE), Relative Error (RE) and correlation factor (R2) were applied to identify the performance of ANN models. According to the obtained data, the feed-forward neural network with tangent-sigmoid (3-30-1), tangent-tangent (3-15-1) and tangent-tangent (3-35-1) activation function was found as the best model to predict cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid production from leaf-derived callus, respectively. Meanwhile, ANN with activation function of tangent-tangent (3-20-1), tangent-tangent (3-25-1) and sigmoid-sigmoid (3-20-1) were the most effective models to predict the amount of cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid from root-derived callus, respectively. In the current study, there was a strong correlation between experimental and predicted data. These results demonstrated that the selected ANN model could predict the effects of plant growth regulators on phenolic acids production using callus culture method.
Background: Lactuca undulata is an annual herb belongs to Asteraceae family. Cichoric acid is the main component of Lactuca undulata which has different property in food and pharmaceutical industries. Objective: The goal of current research was to compare phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of Lactuca undulata which was collected from different regions of Iran. Methods: For this purpose, stem of plants were collected from Quom, Biarjemand, Mirzabiloo in north Khorasan, Firoozkooh and Damghan-Cheshmeh Ali during regenerative phase. Chicoric, Chlorogenic and Caffeic acid was evaluated by HPLC methods. Also total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents were assayed. The antioxidant activity was measured by using DPPH assay. Results: The obtained results revealed that samples collected from Firoozkooh and Quom accumulated the highest amount of cichoric acid (3.5 mg/g Dry weight) and caffeic acid (1.26 mg/g Dry weight), respectively. Meanwhile the amount of total phenol was varied from 13.53 (in Firoozkooh collected samples) to 18.86 mg/g Dry weight (in Quom collected samples). The results showed that there was significant difference in total flavonoids (P˂ 5%) and total tannin (P˂ 1%) amount among samples collected from different regions. On the other hands, the highest and the lowest antioxidant activity was observed in samples collected from Quom and Biarjemand regions, respectively. Conclusion: The current data showed that Lactuca undulata collected from Firoozkooh contain the highest amount of cichoric acid and as an Iranian native plant can be a suitable source of cichoric acid production.
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