Rapid adaptive evolution has been advocated as a mechanism that promotes invasion. Demonstrating adaptive evolution in invasive species requires rigorous analysis of phenotypic shifts driven by selection. Here, we document selection-driven evolution of Phyla canescens, an Argentine weed, in two invaded regions (Australia and France). Invasive populations possessed similar or higher diversity than native populations, and displayed mixed lineages from different sources, suggesting that genetic bottlenecks in both countries might have been alleviated by multiple introductions. Compared to native populations, Australian populations displayed more investment in sexual reproduction, whereas French populations possessed enhanced vegetative reproduction and growth. We partitioned evolutionary forces (selection vs. stochastic events) using two independent methods. Results of both analyses suggest that the pattern of molecular and phenotypic variability among regions was consistent with selection-driven evolution, rather than stochastic events. Our findings indicate that selection has shaped the evolution of P. canescens in two different invaded regions.
Summary:The sagittae otolith morphology of marine fishes has been used in many ecomorphological studies to explain certain ecological adaptations of species to habitat. Our study compares the sagittal otolith shapes of ten species of snappers (Family Lutjanidae) inhabiting the Persian Gulf. We used a morphometric analysis of the otolith measurements (length, height, perimeter, area and weight) and of the ratio between the area of the sulcus acusticus and the area of the otolith (S:O). The otolith contour was also analysed using wavelets as a mathematical descriptor. Morphological variations in the otoliths were associated with the morphology and external colouration of snappers as well as ecological traits. An analysis of the interspecific S:O ratio suggested that the highest ratios occurred in snappers inhabiting shallower waters. A categorical multivariate analysis, including morphological, ecological and otolith size factors, showed that the species adapted to dim light conditions had a greater otolith perimeter. An analysis of variance of the otolith contour revealed zones with a higher interspecific variability, although only the antero-dorsal zone showed differing patterns. Although the otolith patterns appear to have a phylogenetic component, they might also be related to diel activity rhythms or to the light conditions in the habitat. The results of the study showed that variation in otolith morphology can be used to explain the coexistence of sympatric species.Keywords: otolith; morphology; biodiversity; functional ecology; snappers; Lutjanidae.Una aproximación a la comprensión de la coexistencia de pargos (Lutjanidae) a partir de la morfología del otolito Resumen: La morfología del otolito sagitta de peces marinos se ha empleado en estudios de ecomorfología al objeto de explicar las adaptaciones ecológicas de las especies al hábitat. Nuestro estudio compara la forma del otolito de diez especies de pargos (familia Lutjanidae) del Golfo Pérsico. El análisis morfológico se realizó a partir de medidas del otolito (longitud, anchura, perímetro, área y peso) y la proporción entre el área del sulcus acusticus y del otolito (S:O). También se analizaron los contornos de los otolitos mediante descriptores matemáticos denominados wavelets. Las variaciones morfológicas en los otolitos se asociaron a la morfología y la coloración externa de los pargos, así como a diversos caracteres ecológicos. Las especies con valores más elevados en la proporción S:O habitan en aguas someras. El análisis multivariante categórico de factores, ecológicos y morfológicos del otolito (forma y tamaño), puso de manifiesto que las especies adaptadas a condiciones tenues de luz presentan el perímetro del otolito más grande. El análisis de varianza del contorno del otolito reveló la presencia de zonas con gran variabilidad inter-específica, si bien solo la parte antero-dorsal permitió distinguir patrones claros de variación. Aunque dichos patrones parecen tener un componente filogenético, también estarían relacionados con el ritmo de activ...
Several environmental weeds rely on the pollination services of introduced bees. The transfer of this knowledge to weed control management has not been fully explored. In part, this may be because it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of environmental weeds. This diminishes the prospects for expensive research and development required for integrated weed management. In this study, we examine the reproductive ecology of Phyla canescens, a species native to South America that is an aggressive agricultural and environmental weed in many parts of the world. We found that P. canescens is self-compatible, but not capable of automatic selfpollination. A vector is required to effect seed set. Field studies showed that 45% of seeds produced through open pollination are viable. Using exclosure cages, we showed that non-native Apis mellifera L. (honeybee) was the primary floral visitor and pollinator. Honeybee abundance was positively correlated with P. canescens abundance. Within the study site of 0.51 ha, almost 500 000 seeds ha )1 would be produced annually, as a result of honeybee pollination. This study shows that a shared evolutionary history is not required for honeybees to be successful pollinators. Facilitation is demonstrated through the obligate need for pollinators and the successful recruitment of the species through seed. Models for the control of feral honeybees in agricultural systems require development.
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