For water and sewer pipes, PVC is considered to be one of the best row materials. Due to its physical, chemical and industrial significant properties, PVC is commercially invited to be in the first position. Many other traditional raw materials; e.g. iron, concrete, polyethylene and vitrified clay (VC), are coming in second position. This work is conducted to study the tensile properties of two different types of PVC raw materials (named as gray and white) for water pipe manufacturing by implementing different test conditions. The samples were prepared by cutting off the pipe to an individual cross sectional size rings. Afterward, they were softened smoothly by heating the ring samples to obtain flat standard tensile test specimen. The influence of strain rate (crosshead speed), temperature and UV radiation on the tensile properties of PVC pipe’s row material were investigated. The selected experimental test temperatures are (28℃, 50℃ and 70℃), the selected crosshead speeds are (5, 50 and 100 mm/min) and the UV treatment exposure times are (168, 408, 744 and 1080) hours. The result shows that the gray PVC pipes have tensile strength greater than white PVC pipes. The yield stress and modulus of elasticity are directly proportion to strain rate and inversely proportion to the treatment temperature of both PVC samples. However, the fracture strain was increased with temperature and decreased with strain rate. UV treatment didn’t show a significant effect on the yield stress and modulus of elasticity. This is an indication of PVC long time stability
Three strategies are used in this paper to investigate suspension systems behaviour. Firstly, the steel coil passive spring (conventional spring) is replaced by air spring, which comprised of an airbag, a connection pipe with a control valve, and a reservoir tank system. The influence of air spring pressure, reservoir volume and connection pipe diameter on suspension system behaviour are investigated. Secondly, a logic control scenario for the oscillation mass of air between spring airbag and the reservoir is applied by using on/off valve controller to study the controlling valve influence on the whole vehicle dynamics responses. Thirdly, the MR damper is used to introduce a variable damping coefficient as a semi-active control (skyhook) strategy of the suspension system. To represent the suspension system with the earlier mentioned strategies, a mathematical model 2-DOF for a quarter car is adopted along with governing equations of the air spring and semi-active skyhook control under the Matlab/Simulink platform. The obtained result, i.e., suspension travel displacement, body acceleration, dynamic tire force, and damper dissipation energy, are calculated in terms of RMS to show up the dynamic behaviour of suspension system considering four configurations in various control styles. The models’ responses were examined versus two road excitations pattern, including harmonic excitation and random road excitation. The results show that using air spring is considerably increased suspension quality, furthered more the suspension system is significantly enhanced when semi-active strategies are applied on air spring and MR damper.
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