Deployment of a battery energy storage system for the photovoltaic (PV) application has been increasing at a fast rate. Depending on the number of power conversion units and their type of connection, the PV-battery system can be classified into DC-and AC-coupled configurations. The number of the components and their electrical loading directly affects the reliability of each of the configurations. Hence, in order to assure high efficiency and lifetime of the PV-battery system, reliability assessment of power conversion units (representing the most reliability-critical system components) is necessary. With respect to that, in this paper, a reliability assessment of the PV-battery system is performed and a comparison of the DC-and AC-coupled configuration reliability is conducted. In the analysis, all parts of the power conversion system, i.e., DC/DC and DC/AC converter units, are taken into consideration and component-, converter-and system-level reliability is assessed. A case study of 6 kW PV system with integrated 3 kW/7.5 kWh battery system has shown that higher reliability is achieved for DC-coupled configuration. The obtained results indicate that the probability of failure for the 15% of the population for DC-coupled configuration occurs 7 years later than that is a case for AC-coupled configuration. Finally, the presented analysis can serve as a benchmark for lifetime and reliability assessment of power conversion units in PV-battery systems for both configuration types. It provides information about differences in electrical and thermal loading of the power conversion units and resulting reliability of the two configurations. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.S. and A.S.; Formal analysis, M.S.; Investigation, M.S.; Methodology, M.S. and A.S.; Software, M.S.; Supervision, A.S. and F.B.; Validation, A.S.; Visualization, M.S.; Writing-original draft, M.S.; Writing-review & editing, A.S. and F.B.
This paper focuses on the sizing of a battery energy storage system providing frequency containment reserves in a power system with a large wind power penetration level. A three-stage sizing methodology including the different aspect of battery energy storage system performance is proposed. The first stage includes time-domain simulations, investigating battery energy storage system dynamic response and its capability of providing frequency reserves. The second stage involves lifetime investigation. An economic assessment of the battery unit is carried out by performing the last stage. The main outcome of the proposed methodology is to choose the suitable battery energy storage system size for providing frequency containment reserve from augmented wind power plants while fulfilling relevant evaluation criteria imposed for each stage.
Energy storage systems (ESS) are being considered to overcome issues in modern grids, caused by increasing penetration of renewable generation. Nevertheless, integration of ESS should also be supplemented with an optimal energy management framework to ensure maximum benefits from ESS. Conventional energy management of battery, used with PV system, maximises self-consumption but does not mitigate grid congestion or address battery degradation. Model predictive control (MPC) can alleviate congestion and degradation while ensuring maximum self-consumption. Studies will be carried out to highlight the improvement with MPC based energy management over conventional method using simulations of oneyear system behaviour. As MPC uses forecast information in decision making, the impact of forecast uncertainties will be assessed and a method to address them through a constraint tightening will be presented.
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