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Harmony search algorithm is the recently developed metaheuristic in the last decade. It mimics the behavior of a musician producing a perfect harmony. It has been used to solve the wide variety of real-life optimization problems due to its easy implementation over other metaheuristics. It has an ability to provide the balance between exploration and exploitation during search. In this paper, a systematic review on harmony search algorithm (HSA) is presented. The natural inspiration and conceptual framework of HSA are discussed. The control parameters of HSA are described with their mathematical foundation. The improvement and hybridization in HSA with other metaheuristics are discussed in detail. The applicability of HSA in different problem domains is studied. The future research directions of HSA are also investigated.

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Genes in the ZIP family encode transcripts to store and transport bivalent metal micronutrient, particularly iron (Fe) and or zinc (Zn). These transcripts are important for a variety of functions involved in the developmental and physiological processes in many plant species, including most, if not all, Poaceae plant species and the model species Arabidopsis. Here, we present the report of a genome wide investigation of orthologous ZIP genes in Setaria italica and the identification of 7 single copy genes. RT-PCR shows 4 of them could be used to increase the bio-availability of zinc and iron content in grains. Of 36 ZIP members, 25 genes have traces of signal peptide based sub-cellular localization, as compared to those of plant species studied previously, yet translocation of ions remains unclear. In silico analysis of gene structure and protein nature suggests that these two were preeminent in shaping the functional diversity of the ZIP gene family in S. italica. NAC, bZIP and bHLH are the predominant Fe and Zn responsive transcription factors present in SiZIP genes. Together, our results provide new insights into the signal peptide based/independent iron and zinc translocation in the plant system and allowed identification of ZIP genes that may be involved in the zinc and iron absorption from the soil, and thus transporting it to the cereal grain underlying high micronutrient accumulation.

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