India is the largest agrarian subcontinent supporting 26% world’s agricultural population on 12% arable land. India is also the fifth largest vegetable oil economy accounting 7.4% oilseeds, 5.8% oils and 6.1% oil meal production, and 9.3% of edible oil consumption in the world. Oilseeds are the second most important agricultural economy in India next to cereals growing at a pace of 4.1% per annum in the last three decades. Oilseed brassica shares 23.5% area and 24.2% production of total oilseeds in the country. Despite being the third largest producer (11.3%) of oilseed brassica after Canada and China in the world, India meets 57% of the domestic edible oil requirements through imports and ranked 7th largest importer of edible oils in the world. Oilseed brassica achieved significant growth in India in the past, however, the productivity levels are still low owing to large cultivation under rainfed situation, biotic and abiotic stresses, and resources crunch. It is also facing the challenges of low genotypic potential, climate change and price fluctuation. Though, it embraces the immense scope to increase the production in traditional and non-traditional areas in India with proper inputs, technological interventions, and suitable policy framework. This needs to develop strategies in a well-planned, targeted manner with multi-scientific inputs, policy interface and stable price systems to bring the desired growth in oilseeds brassica production, and to reduce the import of edible oils in the country.
White mold or stem rot disease are ubiquitously distributed throughout the world and the causal organism of this disease Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is known to infect over 400 plant species. Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the most devastating fungal diseases and poses a serious threat to the worldwide cultivation of oilseed Brassica including India. S. sclerotiorum pathogen usually infects the stem but in severe cases leaves and pods also affected at different developmental stages that deteriorate not only the oil quality but also causing the seed and oil yield losses up to 90% depending on the severity of the disease infestation. This study investigated the morphological and molecular characterization of pathogenic S. sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary geographical isolates from oilseed Brassica including Brassica juncea (Indian mustard). The aim of this study was to compare isolates of S. sclerotiorum originated from different agro-climatic conditions and to analyse similarity or differences between them as well as to examine the virulence of this pathogen specifically in Brassica for the first time. The collection of S. sclerotiorum isolates from symptomatic Brassica plants was done and analyzed for morphological features, and molecular characterization. The virulence evaluation test of 65 isolates on four Brassica cultivars has shown 5 of them were highly virulent, 46 were virulent and 14 were moderately virulent. Phylogenetic analysis encompassing all the morphological features, SSR polymorphism, and ITS sequencing has shown the existence of high genetic diversity among the isolates that categorized all the isolates in three evolutionary lineages in the derived dendrogram. Further, genetic variability analysis based on sequences variation in ITS region of all the isolates has shown the existence of either insertions or deletions of the nucleotides in the ITS region has led to the interspecies variability and observed the variation were in a clade-specific manner. Together this analysis observed the existence of higher heterogeneity and genetic variability in S. sclerotiorum isolates collection and indicates the presence of clonal and sexual progenies of the pathogen in the mustard growing regions of India surveyed in this study. With a higher level of genetic variability and diversity among the S. sclerotiorum population needs robust screening approaches to identify the donor parent and utilize them in resistance breeding program for effectively counter the menace of stem rot disease in Brassica.
Pollen fertility and compatibility status were investigated in three species of mangroves: Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora samoensis, R. stylosa and a hybrid between the two Rhizophora species. Pollen fertility was greater than 80% in the three species but less than 10% in the hybrid. Also, all three species were intraspecifically compatible, while the hybrid showed very low compatibility which may be due to its low pollen fertility. The genera Bruguiera and Rhizophora were found to be completely cross incompatible, while a low reciprocal cross compatibility was observed in interspecific crosses between Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis.& b d y :
This study was conducted to detect epistasis and importance of additive and dominance variances for seed yield and contributing traits using 27 progenies produced by crossing nine lines with three testers, viz. NPJ 112, RRN 727 and their F1 in triple test cross fashion. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of epistasis for all the traits except secondary branches/plant and oil content. Its partitioning showed higher magnitude of (i) type for days to flowering, days to maturity and primary branches and (j+l) type for siliqua length, seeds/siliqua, 1000/seed weight and seed yield. Significant MS due to sums (L1i + L2i ) and differences (L1i- L2i ) for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, seeds/siliqua, 1000-seed weight and seed yield indicated the role of both additive (D) and dominance (H) variance in their inheritance. Estimates of D and H components revealed predominance of D for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, primary and secondary branches and 1000-seed weight and H for remaining 6 traits, viz. number of siliquae on main shoot, main shoot length, siliqua length, seeds/siliqua, oil content and seed yield. Non-significant correlation coefficient for all the traits except 1000-seed weight indicated the scatter of dominant alleles between testers. Degree of dominance (H/D)1/2 indicated over dominance for siliquae on main shoot, main shoot length, siliqua length and seeds/ siliqua. Thus, epistasis was an integral component with conspicuous role of both additive and dominance variance for different characters. Therefore, the study will be helpful in deciding the breeding strategy that would enable to utilize maximum proportion of fixable as well as non-fixable genetic variation in Indian mustard.
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