No abstract

RESUMENEl propósito de este artículo es caracterizar nueve agroecosistemas de café de los Andes colombianos con un enfoque agroecológico. Los atributos y los indicadores evaluados son agrupados en tres dimensiones: económica, social y técnico-productiva. Los indicadores son sensibles a las condiciones del agroecosistema y pueden ser fácilmente comprendidos por los agricultores. La baja productividad en los cafetales y el riesgo económico son identificados como los principales problemas. La seguridad alimentaria tiene valores altos en la mayor parte de las fincas a pesar de las deficiencias en la productividad del café. La metodología propuesta podría ser adaptada por otros investigadores para caracterizar agroecosistemas campesinos sin olvidar que la selección de los indicadores debe ser el resultado de un proceso participativo; los indicadores usados en este trabajo no dan cuenta de todas las condiciones internas y externas que afectan los agroecosistemas, pero destacan factores relevantes para la reproducción social de las familias campesinas. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to characterize nine coffee agroecosystems from the Colombian Andes with an agroecological approach. Attributes and indicators evaluated are grouped under three dimensions: economic, social and technical-productive. Indicators are sensitive to agroecosystem conditions and can be easily understood by farmers. Low productivity of coffee plantations and economic risk are identified as the main problems. The study found high food security in most of the farms despite deficiencies in coffee productivity. The methodology proposed could be adapted by other researchers for the characterization of peasant agroecosystems without forgetting that setting indicators should be a participatory process; indicators used in this work do not account for all internal and external conditions that affect agroecosystems but they highlight relevant factors for social reproduction of peasant families.

Volumen 34, Nº 2. Páginas 15-23 IDESIA (Chile) Abril, 2016 Sostenibilidad en agroecosistemas de café de pequeños agricultores: revisión sistemática Sustainability in coffee agroecosystems of small farmers: a systematic review RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática respecto de indicadores para estudiar y evaluar agroecosistemas de café en pequeños agricultores. Dentro de la literatura encontrada se observó dos marcos referenciales: las áreas técnico-ambientales de los cuales se derivan indicadores como prácticas de protección del medio ambiente y producción; y las áreas sociales con indicadores para evaluar los medios de vida, bienestar y lo referente a capital natural, capital humano, capital social, capital físico y capital financiero. De acuerdo con esto, emergen indicadores para analizar la capacidad adaptativa de las poblaciones rurales para ser resilientes a los cambios sociales, ecológicos y económicos. Estos indicadores deben relacionar lo social, lo económico y el sistema ecológico, e interaccionar en una escala temporal, espacial y organizacional. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of indicators to study and evaluate agro coffee smallholders. Within the found literature, two frames of reference were observed: the technical-environmental areas in which indicators and practical protection of the environment and production are derived; and social areas with indicators to assess livelihoods, welfare and all related to natural capital, human capital, social capital, physical capital and financial capital. Accordingly, indicators emerge to analyze the adaptive capacity of rural communities to be resilient to the social, ecological and economic changes. These indicators have to include social, economic and ecological dimensions, and interact in a temporal, spatial, and organizational scale.

ResumoA legislação brasileira prevê que a destinação correta dos resíduos sólidos industriais é obrigatoriedade do gerador. Porém esta é uma das principais dificuldades encontradas, já que o processo produtivo gera resíduos e impactos ambientais. Entretanto, estes resíduos podem ser aproveitados para aumentar a ecoeficiência e como um objeto maior a ecoefetividade, reduzindo os impactos, aumentando a eficiência econômica e ambiental e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade. O setor metal-mecânico igualmente enfrenta a problemática do gerenciamento ambiental, então, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ecoeficiência e ecoefetividade dos métodos empregados na limpeza de cavacos metálicos contaminados com fluido de corte de empresas metalúrgicas. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a reutilização do cavaco de alumínio, analisando os métodos utilizados, a destinação caso não possível reutilizar e avaliado a ecoeficiência e ecoefetividade. Esta avaliação foi realizada por critérios estudados, onde é possível avaliar métodos como ecoeficientes e ecoefetivos. Na prática foram encontrados somente métodos ecoeficientes e, entre estes, alguns com práticas ecoefetivas. Os resultados evidenciam que a cultura de reparar, reutilizar, reciclar e destinar, ao invés de promover ações como a remodelagem de um sistema produtivo em ciclo fechado onde não há geração de resíduos é ainda mais prático e realístico. Palavras-chave: Ecoeficiência; Ecoefetividade; Setor metal-mecânico; Cavacos metálicos. ANALYSIS OF METAL CHIP RECYCLING METHODS CONTAMINATED CONSIDERING APPROACHES TO ECO-EFFICIENCY AND ECO-EFFECTIVENESS AbstractThe Brazilian law requires that the proper disposal of industrial solid waste is mandatory of the generator. However, this issue becomes one of the main difficulties encountered in order that the manufacturing process generates waste and environmental impacts. Still, this waste can be utilized to increase eco-efficiency and as a larger object to eco-effectiveness, reducing the impacts, increasing the economic and environmental efficiency and contributing to sustainability. The metal-mechanical sector also faces the problem of environmental management, therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the eco-efficiency and ecoeffectiveness of the methods used in the cleaning of metallic chips contaminated with cutting fluid metallurgical enterprises. A study on the reuse of aluminum chips was done by analyzing the cleaning methods used, the allocation if cannot be reused and evaluated within the aforementioned characteristics, which is the most eco-efficient and/or eco-effective. This review was performed by studied criteria to which you can evaluate methods as eco-efficient and eco-effective. In practice found only eco-efficient methods, and among them, some with eco-effective practices. The results show that the culture of repair, reuse, recycle and intended instead to promote actions such as the remodeling of a production system in a closed cycle where no waste generation is now even more practical and realistic.

Microbial biomass is a driving force in the dynamics of soil organic matter, and microbial activity is an indicator of soil quality in agroecosystems, reflecting changes in management practices and environmental conditions. We evaluated the effect of monoculture and intercropped winter cover crops on soil chemical attributes, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2), urease, β-glucosidase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity, as well as onion yield in a no-tillage system. Soil is a Typic Humudept, and treatments were control with spontaneous vegetation, barley, rye, oilseed radish (OR), OR + rye, and OR + barley. The soil was sampled (0-10 cm) five times between June and December. There were no differences among treatments for MBC and BR, and the highest values for those attributes occurred in June, when cover plants were in their initial stage. Although, qCO2 was not affected by any treatment, it varied among sampling periods, ranging from 0.62 to 10 µg C-CO2 mg-1 MBC h-1, indicating a low- or no stress environment. Cover crops had little influence on enzyme activity, but FDA was lowered in areas with single crops of barley and rye. Average onion yield in cover crops treatments was 13.01 (Mg ha-1), 30-40% higher than in the control treatment.