IMatéria seca de plantas de cobertura, produção de cebola e atributos químicos do solo em sistema plantio direto agroecológico ABSTRACT The cultivation and deposition of waste from cover crops in no-tillage can affect soil chemical attributes and onion yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of plant species from winter cover crops, onion yield and chemical attributes of soil in agroecological no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out at EPAGRI Experimental Station in Ituporanga (SC) under Humic
The use of plant species in rotation or succession of crops can increase C and N contents and their fractions in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using soil cover crops in succession and rotation with onion crops in different soil management systems on the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C and N fractions in soil aggregates, and bulk soil. The experiment was implemented in April 2007 with eight treatments: succession of onion and maize in a no-tillage system (NTS) (T1); rotation of soil cover crops (winter) and biennial onion in a NTS (T2); rotation of maize, winter grasses, and onion in a NTS (T3); succession of summer legume and annual onion in a NTS (T4); rotation of summer grass, winter grasses, and annual onion in a NTS (T5); succession of summer legume, winter grass, and annual onion in a NTS (T6); succession of maize and onion in a conventional tillage system (CTS) (T7); and succession of intercrops of soil cover crops (summer), and annual onion in a NTS (T8). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0.0–5.0, 5.0–10.0, and 10.0–20.0cm soil layers in July 2014, and their aggregate (8.0 to 2.0mm) and bulk soil (<2mm) fractions were separated to evaluate their TOC, TN, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen (OCP and ONP respectively), and mineral-associated organic carbon and mineral-associated organic nitrogen (OCM and ONM respectively). Soil turning due to the CTS in T7 (0.0–5.0cm) reduced TOC, OCP, OCM, TN, ONP, and ONM, in the soil aggregates and in the bulk soil, when compared with the NTS with the use of soil cover crops in succession or rotation with onion crops (T1–T6 and T8). T6 increased the TOC, TN, OCP, OCM, ONP, and ONM contents in the soil aggregates and bulk soil when compared with the successions with only grasses or only legumes. T1 increased the soil TOC and TN contents in aggregates compared with the same succession in CTS. T8 had higher OCP (0.0–20.0cm) and ONP (5.0–10.0cm) contents in aggregates than in the bulk soil. In general, aggregates had higher TOC and OCM contents, and bulk soil had higher TN, OCP, ONP and ONM contents. The main changes resulting from the management systems and soil cover crop combinations used were observed in the particulate fraction, especially in the soil aggregates.
Use of soil cover crops of different families in crop rotation or succession under no-tillage system (NTS) for onion production results in higher soil quality compared to land use systems with less plant diversity. The objective was to evaluate the effect of using different combinations of plant species from different botanical families in rotation and succession of soil cover crops in NTS for onion production on formation of macroaggregates, mesoaggregates, and microaggregates, and on total organic C (TOC) and N (TN) contents, including isotopic forms of C and N, in soil aggregates and bulk soil. The treatments (T) evaluated were maize/onion (NTS-T1); cover plants (winter)/onion (NTS-T2); maize/winter grasses/onion (NTS-T3); velvet bean/onion (NTS-T4); millet/cover plants (winter)/onion (NTS-T5); velvet bean/rye/onion (NTS-T6); maize/onion in conventional tillage system (CTS-T7); and intercrop cover plants (summer)/onion (NTS-T8). We evaluated macroaggregates (8.0–0.25 mm), microaggregates (<0.25 mm), and bulk soil (<2.0 mm) at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm, in a nine-year field experiment. The greater plant diversity in T2–T6 and T8 resulted in higher geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates compared to T1 and T7. The T8 was more efficient in increasing GMD in the 10–20 cm soil depth than the other treatments. The T1 was more efficient in improving the evaluated soil physical and chemical attributes than T7. The use of NTS with plants of the Poaceae and Fabaceae families in single or intercrop systems for onion production resulted in higher TOC and TN contents in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil depths compared to CTS. Isotope 15N measurements showed that C and N were more protected in microaggregates in all evaluated treatments and depths compared to macroaggregates and bulk soil. Macroaggregates had more TOC and TN than microaggregates.
RESUMOMesmo com expectativas de expansão das áreas agrícolas brasileiras sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD), são poucos os trabalhos sobre o controle de plantas invasoras sem o uso de herbicidas, principalmente na produção de hortaliças, como a cebola. Para tanto, culturas utilizadas para cobertura do solo se mostram eficientes no controle do desenvolvimento de plantas invasoras através da inibição física e/ou alelopática. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar diferentes espécies de cobertura do solo, em sistemas em monocultivo ou consorciados, no controle de plantas invasoras e a sua interferência na produção de cebola sob SPD em transição agroecológica. O experimento foi instalado na Estação Experimental da Epagri em Ituporanga (SC), em um Cambissolo Húmico. Os tratamentos foram: T1: testemunha (vegetação invasora); T2: aveia preta (Avena strigosa); T3: centeio (Secale cereale); T4: nabo-forrageiro (Raphanus sativus); T5: consócio de nabo-forrageiro e centeio; T6: consórcio de nabo-forrageiro e aveia preta. Os tratamentos nabo-forrageiro e nabo-forrageiro + centeio aos 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e centeio e nabo-forrageiro + centeio aos 120 DAS propiciaram a maior produção de matéria seca de plantas de cobertura, enquanto a menor produção de matéria seca de plantas invasoras foi obtida nos tratamentos nabo-forrageiro + centeio, seguido de nabo-forrageiro no início do ciclo da cebola. A maior produção de bulbos de cebola da classe 3 (50mm≤ᶲ˂70mm) e total, em relação à testemunha, também foi obtida nestes dois tratamentos.Palavras-chave: adubação verde, manejo ecológico do solo, Allium cepa. ABSTRACTEven with expectations of expanding Brazilian agricultural areas under no-tillage system, there are few studies that focus this system of yield without application of herbicide to weeds control are not very significant, mostly for vegetables production, like onions. In this sense, the use of cover crops presents efficient in weeds development control to inhibit by a physical barrier and/or its allelopathic effects. This study aimed to evaluate cover crops influences in the weeds control and onions yield under agroecological transition no-tillage system. The experimental area is located in Experimental Station of Epagri, Ituporanga (SC), in a Humic Haplumbrept soil. Treatments were: T1: control -weed community; T2: oat (Avena strigosa); T3: rye (Secale cereale); T4: white radish (Raphanus sativus); T5: white radish intercropped with rye; T6: white radish intercropped with oat. The treatments Raphanus sativus + Secale cereale at 60 days after sowing and Raphanus sativus + Secale cereale at 120 days after sowing propitiated highest dry matter yield of cover crops, while the lowest dry matter yield of weeds was obtained in treatments Raphanus sativus + Secale cereale, followed by Raphanus sativus in the early season onion. The highest yield of onion bulbs of the class 3 (50mm≤ᶲ˂70mm) and total, compared to the control, was also obtained in these two treatments.
Onion is an important vegetable crop, predominantly grown under conventional tillage system management. Alternatively, the vegetable no-tillage system uses cover crops to form a residue layer, which improves soil physical, chemical, and biological attributes. Aiming to understand the interaction of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal cover crops, phosphatase activity, and soil phosphorus availability and uptake by plants, a no-tillage vegetable production system experiment with onion was carried out in Ituporanga, Southern Brazil. The treatments were black oats (Avena strigosa); rye (Secale cereale); oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus); rye + oilseed radish; black oats + oilseed radish, and a control with spontaneous plants. Additionally, two plots, a conventional tillage system area and a forest, both adjacent to the experiment, were evaluated. We measured cover crop biomass, onion yield, acid phosphatase activity, and resin-extracted phosphorus in the soil, shoot and root phosphorus content, and root colonization in cover crops, spontaneous plants, and onions. The treatments with cover crops had the highest plant biomass in winter and onion yield. Available soil phosphorus and acid phosphatase activity were higher in no-tillage plots than in the conventional tillage system area. The presence of non-mycorrhizal oilseed radish was associated with decreased colonization of rye and onion roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. No-tillage areas with cover crops or spontaneous plants in winter accumulated more phosphorus than conventional tillage system areas. The conventional tillage system showed adverse effects on most soil attributes, as shown by a Principal Component Analysis.
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