BackgroundMeasuring family caregivers’ quality of life plays a significant role in improving the quality, efficiency, development, and provision of efficient services for patients with COVID-19. As a result, evaluating the quality of life requires the use of valid and reliable measures that are culturally appropriate. This study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Quality of Life in Life-Threatening Illness–Family Carer Version (QOLLTI – F) in patients with COVID-19.MethodsThis methodological study was carried out in 2021 at Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran. After gaining approval from the tool creator, the translation was carried out utilizing the forward-backward approach. Cognitive interviews with 10 family caregivers of COVID-19 patients were used to demonstrate face validity. Moreover, construct validity was identified by performing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 251), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 200), and convergent validation using Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) questionnaire. For scale reliability, internal consistency and stability were performed using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient and test-retest, respectively.Results451 family caregivers of patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. Three factors with a cumulative variance of 51.85% were extracted during EFA: (1) Caregiver’s physical-emotional status, (2) Satisfaction with the situation, and (3) Caregiver’s concerns. CFA showed that the model enjoyed a moderate to a good fit of information (RMSEA: 0.087; NFI: 0.98; CFI: 0.91; IFI: 0.91; GFI 0.89; standardized RMR: 0.070). A significant correlation was found between the Persian version of the ZBI and participants’ total scores of QOLLTI – F v3 (r = –0.196, P = 0.000). Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient = 0.719 and ICC stability reliability = 0.71 of the questionnaire were confirmed.ConclusionThe Persian version of the QOLLTI – F v3 is a valid and reliable scale that can measure family caregivers’ quality of life during a Life-Threatening illness in patients with COVID-19. This instrument may be utilized in clinical trials and research to enhance the quality of life for family carers in Iranian society.

Using physical devices such as eye masks and earplugs to improve to the quality of sleep in intensive care units (ICUs) is a very important issue. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of eye masks and earplugs for sleep promotion in critically ill adult patients in the ICU based on various sleep quality assessment tools. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest were systematically retrieved until May 2021. Both randomized and non-randomized experimental and quasi-experimental studies were included if they evaluated the efficacy of eye masks and earplugs interventions on sleep outcomes in critically ill patients. The methodological quality was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. For the main outcome (sleep quality), a mean difference (MD) and confidence intervals (CIs) of 95% were determined. A total of 2,687 participants from 35 studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty one studies were included in meta-analysis and 14 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. According to the results based on sleep quality assessment tools; overall scores of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ), eye mask and/or earplug interventions have a positive effect on sleep quality. Based on Verran-Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale (VSHSS), sleep disturbance was significantly lower in the intervention groups. In terms of polysomnography, the use of eye masks and/or earplugs resulted in a significant increase in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, rapid eye movement (REM) time, significant reduction of awaking, and sleep arousals index. The results of the present study suggest that the use of earplugs or eye masks, separately or combined affects sleep improvement in critically ill patients.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=145830, PROSPERO: CRD42020145830.

Introduction Patient safety is an important priority in the healthcare systems which aim to prevent medical errors before leading, harm, injury or death to patients. 1 safety and risk management are referred to minimizing the risks at the acceptable level. 2 As, harming to patients or healthcare seekers is contradicted with the philosophy of health care, 3 preventing medical errors is considered as patient safety dimension. Generally, Medical errors are significant and threatening challenges in all countries. 4 Annual deaths from medication errors account for 7000 out the total number of 48 000-98 000 deaths due to drug-induced complications. Medication errors are listed as one of the five medical error categories classified by the American Institute of Medicine. 5 It is Also, estimated that 55 000 medical errors occur each year, resulting 10 500 deaths and 23 000 physical disabilities. 6 The results of a study about medication error in 2 teaching hospitals in Boston showed that, 1% of the incidents are fatal, 12% life-threatening, 30% serious and 57% significant and dangerous. Forty-two percent of classified incident serious were preventable. 7 In Iran, 8% of hospital treatments results in medication side effects which is more than the US (2.4-5.6 %). 8 Medication administration is one of the fundamentals of nursing, which requires technique, skill and consideration to the client. Considering, each nurse spends an average of 40% of the attending time in hospital to administer medication to clients, nurses are at risk for medication errors. 9 The initial outcome of these errors is an increase of hospital stay and cost and severe harm or even death. 10 In 1999, Institute of Medicine report on quality of health care, To Error Is Human: Building a Safer Health System called for a more systematic approach to medical errors and outlined the importance of identifying and learning from errors through mandatory and voluntary reporting system. Medication errors have a huge impact on health care system, patients and payers alike. It compromises the confidence of patients on health care system. 11 Therefore, based on the importance of nursing medication error in Iran, a systematic review has been conducted. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the contributing factor of nurses' medical errors in published Persian articles. Methods In this systematic review, contributing factors of medication errors among nurses were investigated. The search strategy was conducted using the Cochrane seven stage process

BackgroundApplying the principles and skills of management, including planning, organising and leadership skills, will greatly help to improve the quality of nursing manager duties. This is even more important during crisis management, such as the COVID-19 crisis. The objective of the present study was to express the experiences of nursing managers in the COVID-19 crisis.MethodsA qualitative conventional content analysis approach was used to discover the nursing leadership style in the COVID-19 crisis. The present study was conducted in one hospital in Tehran, Iran. 20 Iranian nursing managers in all nursing management positions such as head nurse, matron and supervisor were interviewed. Semi-structured interview was conducted at one hospital in Iran, using reflective and open-ended questions. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. The study was carried out in 2020 while data saturation occurred, no new categories or codes have emerged and the study questions were answered. Credibility and conformability were established through member checking. The report of the analysis was returned to the participants in order to get the assurance that the researchers had portrayed their real world in codes and extracted categories.ResultsFour main themes emerged from data analysis including ‘managers as role model’, ‘full responsiveness’, ‘being in constant challenge’ and ‘post disaster growth’.ConclusionNursing management is one of the activities that the manager must be constantly aware of the activities of his subset. This requires a constant presence in the workplace and communication with nursing staff. Also, in times of crisis, the manager, in addition to having scientific ability, must also have sufficient experience. These two factors will lead to crisis management. Also, training staff and managers in crisis management is one of the most important issues in nursing management.

Background:One of the processes leading to education and evaluation promotion in nursing is mentoring. Moreover, using a portfolio leads to promotion of the mentoring process. Due to the importance of mentoring in nursing, its strengthening by the portfolio, the weakness of mentoring in nursing, and the lack of widespread use of portfolio in nursing education, the aim of this study was to determine portfolio content, which can help the mentoring performance.Materials and Methods:The present scoping review study was conducted in 2017. Articles were searched using the keywords portfolio, mentoring, nursing education, logbook, teaching, learning, nursing, education, and evaluation. The search was conducted in SID, IranMedex, IranDoc, Magiran, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases. Studies published in Persian and English from 1997 to 2017 were reviewed. The studies were extracted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results:Of the 1070 articles searched, 6 were extracted for the final assessment. The results indicated that a portfolio consists of a title page, content list, introduction, record of experience, mentor's feedback and comments, self-evaluation, and educational activities. Furthermore, nursing process is required to help conduct mentoring among nursing students.Conclusions:Recording experiences, feedback, etc., in the portfolios of nursing students can be helpful in conducting mentoring for student's education. It is suggested that educational managers perform mentoring in educational environments using the contents suggested in this study.

No abstract

Background:Mustard gas has different effects on different body systems such as respiratory tract, blood, gastrointestinal, skin, eye, endocrine and peripheral nervous system.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of life in chemical warfare veterans due to sulfur mustard exposure.Patients and Methods:In a cross-sectional and analytic study, 242 patients who had a chemical injury during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1983) and their lung damage was proven were investigated in our study. The quality of life was measured in these patients using an extensively validated Iranian version of SF-36.Results:The mean age of veterans was 44.12 ± 4.9 ranging from 22 to 62 years. Our results showed that chemical warfare had a decreased quality of life in all subscales of the SF-36. The lowest scores in SF-36 subscales were related to role physical and general health. The data also showed a significant relationship between the number of organs involved and the quality of life in these patients (P < 0.001, r = − 0.33). So that the patients who had more than three organs involved had lower quality of life. 95.4% of our participants experienced another complication with respiratory complication and the ophthalmologic complications were the most frequent accompanying condition.Conclusions:The results imply that chemical warfare survivors suffering from late complications have a low health related quality of life.

Background: Regarding the importance of mentoring in nursing and lack of attention to this issue, as well as the lack of a suitable questionnaire to assess mentoring, this study was carried out to design and analyze psychometric properties of mentoring among bachelor's degree students in nursing. Materials and Methods: In a mixed method study, the validity and reliability of the Mentoring Questionnaire were measured after designing it. The study sample included all undergraduate nursing students of one of the nursing schools in Tehran, Iran. In the qualitative phase, item generation, face, and content validity were performed. In the quantitative phase, construct validity and reliability were performed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) test were exploited for data analysis and reliability assessment, respectively. Results: The number of items designed for the Mentoring questionnaire was twenty. Finally, the Mentoring Questionnaire was designed with 16 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Mentoring Questionnaire was 0.96. In addition, the results of the ICC showed the high reliability of the Mentoring Questionnaire (ICC = 0.99). The indices derived from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed that the Mentoring Questionnaire had appropriate construct validity. Conclusions: Given the results of this study, as well as the importance of mentoring measurement among nursing students and the lack of access to a valid questionnaire, it can be concluded that the Mentoring Questionnaire is a useful tool for bachelor's degree nursing students.