The purpose of the present research is to test the spiritual leadership model in the Iranian healthcare industry. The research takes a quantitative approach involving the distribution of 143 questionnaires to different professionals in healthcare centers in Tehran, Iran. Spiritual leadership creates an intrinsic motivation to achieve organizational outcomes. It is a function of seven dimensions: vision, hope/faith, altruistic love, meaning/calling, membership, commitment, and productivity. The authors conduct simple bivariate correlation tests, as well as linear standard and stepwise regression analyses. The findings support the notion that each dimension of spiritual leadership has a positive relationship with spiritual leadership. Among the dimensions, membership (beta coefficient = .890) is the most remarkable. This paper is useful for managers and academics. It can be used by managers of Iranian healthcare centers to motivate their employees through spiritual leadership and its various components. Furthermore, the model of this study can be implemented in the Iranian healthcare industry and hopefully in other industries.
The importance and prominent role of service quality in service industries are inevitable. Previous scholars have investigated relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty with fundamental theories in this research era, as proposed in marketing and psychological behavior. Ergo, their consistencies have been supported by theoretical justification. This research paper aims to determine the effect of service quality on customer loyalty directly and through the mediating role of customer satisfaction and the moderating role of interpersonal relationships in the four-star hotels located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This research's developed model consists of four latent variables: service quality, customer satisfaction, interpersonal relationship, and customer loyalty. A quantitative approach through the distribution of 550 questionnaires with a response rate of 69.81 percent was taken. Collected data were processed via IBMSPSSAMOS software. Firstly, reliability and factor analysis in order to ensure normality of the collected data, adequacy of sample size were run. Secondly, utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) via analysis of moment structure (AMOS) program. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a two-step strategy was run to hypotheses testing. Thirdly, hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for testing the moderating role of interpersonal relationships. Findings supported the notion that service quality has a positive and direct impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. Finally, interpersonal relationship moderates the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction positively. Consequently, the interpersonal relationship moderates the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty positively. This research's originality and value are for academics, practitioners, and managers in service industries, especially hospitality industries and exclusively managers in the four-star hotels in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
According to the extant literature, the positive roles of learning styles, teaching strategies, need for cognition, and meta-cognition on promotion and enhancing level of academic achievement is irrefutable. This study aims to plan for identifying the impact of mentioned variables on the academic achievement of students in the Educational Centers. The developed research model is based on a review in literature and is a comprehensive model which consists of four independent variables namely learning styles, teaching strategies, need for cognition, and meta-cognition. And one dependent variable that is academic achievement. In order to reach major and minor research objectives, the author develops a survey instrument with a proper standard and introduces a quantitative approach involving the distribution of questionnaires among students implementable in any educational centers. Total collected data can be analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) or Structural Equation Modeling via Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) program (SEM-AMOS). In order to answer research questions and testing developed hypotheses of this study, reliability test, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation test, and multiple regression analyses can be run in SPSS and it can be run confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in AMOS program with two-step strategy proposed by (Anderson and Gerbing 1988). The contribution of this scientific research will be pragmatic for academics in this research era because of the comprehensive research model. Also, this research has an outstanding role in bringing insight and realization for deputy deans, rectorates in the educational centers. Finally, the value of findings will be beneficial for promoting and increasing the level of academic achievement through learning styles, teaching strategies, need for cognition, and meta-cognition.
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