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Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) filled kenaf bast fiber (KBF) composites were fabricated via compression molding. The effects of KBF loading on the flexural and impact properties of the composites were investigated for fiber loadings of 10-40 wt %. The optimum flexural strength of the composites was achieved at 30 wt % fiber loading. However, the flexural modulus of the composites kept increasing with increasing fiber loading. Increasing the fiber loading led to a drop in the impact strength of about 57.5-73.6%; this was due to the stiff nature of the KBF. The effect of the fiber length (5, 10, 15, and 20 mm) on the flexural and impact properties was investigated for the 30 wt % KBF loaded composites. The composites with 10-mm KBF showed the highest flexural and impact properties in comparison to the others. The inferior flexural and impact strength of the composites with 15-and 20-mm KBF could be attributed to the relatively longer fibers that underwent fiber attrition during compounding, which consequently led to the deterioration of the fiber. This was proven by analyses of the fiber length, diameter, and aspect ratio. The addition of maleated PBS as a compatibilizer resulted in the enhancement of the composite's flexural and impact properties due to the formation of better fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. This was proven by scanning electron microscopy observations of the composites' fracture surfaces. The removal of unreacted maleic anhydride and dicumyl peroxide residuals from the compatibilizers led to better fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion and a slightly enhanced composite strength.

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This paper reports on comprehensive characterization of wettability and interfacial properties of kenaf fibers (KF) and its unsaturated polyester (UPR) composites fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM). KF were chemically modified by immersing in 6% NaOH concentration for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h to enhance the interaction between KF and UPR. FTIR spectral data showed the chemical changes in KF after treatment which induced the modification of physical and wettability characteristics of KF. The changes in crystalinity index (CrI) and thermal stability of KF content were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TGA) techniques, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows a cleaner KF surface upon KF treatment and atomic force microscopy (AFM) signify an increasing in available fiber–matrix specific contact area. Wettability of KF was investigated by means of surface energy measurement using Washburn contact angle principle via Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble (OWRK) method. Surface energy was found to increase with longer soaking time. The effect of soaking time of alkaline treatment in enhancing the interface bonding characteristic between the KF and UPR matrices can be reflected by the ILSS value of the composites. The highest value of ILSS was recorded by 3 h treated KF composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:507–515, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

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