Biomass valorisation is conventionally associated with the production of green biofuels. However, this could extend beyond the conventional perception of biomass application into other domains such as medical sciences. Acid condensate (AC) obtained from pyrolysis promises a good potential for biomedical applications, notably for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, concentrated AC extract (CACE) obtained from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shells was fractionated, and the resulting fractions were pooled according to similar thin layer chromatography profiles into combined fractions (CFACs). CFACs were evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant level, cytotoxicity, and wound healing activities toward human skin fibroblast cells (HSF 1184). CFAC-3 showed the highest total phenolic content (624.98 ± 8.70 µg GAE/mg of sample) and antioxidant activities (DPPH IC50 of 29.47 ± 0.74 µg/mL, ABTS of 1247.13 ± 27.89 μg TE/mg sample, FRAP of 24.26 ± 0.71 mmol Fe(II)/mg sample, HFRS of 257.74 ± 1.74 µg/mL) compared to CACE (DPPH IC50 of 81.76 ± 2.81 µg/mL, ABTS of 816.95 ± 30.49 μg TE/mg sample, FRAP of 9.22 ± 0.66 mmol Fe(II)/mg sample, HFRS of 689.30 ± 36.00 µg/mL), no cytotoxic properties at ≤50 µg/mL, and significantly faster wound closure (at 1.25 µg/mL) compared to the control 12 h after treatment. The phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) were upregulated, thus indicating that wound healing of CFAC-3 followed through this signalling pathway. To conclude, phenolic-rich CFAC-3 obtained from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells demonstrated potential biomedical application as an alternative wound healing agent with high antioxidant and wound-healing activity. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to report on the wound healing activity of AC and its wound healing mechanism.
More than half of the reported new discovered/invented drugs are ones with poor solubility, absorption or both. These are the crucial issues that can affect the bioavailability of the drugs. Therefore, improving solubility of poor-soluble drugs is absolutely important. One of the methods to solubilize them in biological fluids is using surfactants. Surfactants are an amphiphilic organic compound containing hydrophilic and lipophilic parts that allow it to reduce the surface tension between two opposite polar phases. Several popular methods used to determine critical micelle concentration which includes surface tension, conductivity and UV-vis spectroscopy. These surfactants plays number of roles in antibacterial compound synthesis include size reduction agent, stabilizer, solubilizer and drug-carrier. This review will also critically discuss on the roles of surfactants in antibacterial compound synthesis/production and its effect on the antibacterial activity of the drugs.
Interest and demand for bacterial pigments is growing due to rising awareness of toxicity of synthetic dyes. This study evaluated on the production of flexirubin-type pigment from Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497 using liquid pineapple waste in 5-L bioreactor and its application as environmental-friendly ink. Liquid pineapple waste supported bacterial growth and pigment production for C. artocarpi CECT 8497. The ink was successfully formulated with polyvinyl butyral and polyvinyl pyrrolidone giving a smooth texture. The functional groups of formulated ink identified using FTIR were OH, C-C and C-H. Flexirubin ink was stable during the entire storage period of 30 days at temperatures, ranging from 25 to 70°C, pH 1.0 to 11.0 and in the presence and absence of light. This is the first report on ink formulation of flexirubin-type pigment from C. artocarpi CECT 8497 and its potential application on plastic materials.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of silver catfish (Pangasius sp.) protein
hydrolysate (SCPH) on physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of emulsion
sausage prepared from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma). The SCPH with different
concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) was added into fish emulsion sausage followed by
characterization of its physicochemical properties. The results obtained from this study
revealed that the fish emulsion sausages contain high moisture content (63.49-66.85%),
protein content (18.04-21.89%), fat content (7.16-8.59%), carbohydrate content (2.28-
2.72%) and low ash contents (1.83-2.17%). The addition of SCPH improvised the
hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience of the emulsion sausage (p<0.05)
compared to the control sample. The finer fat globules were visualized in the sample
added with SCPH at higher concentration of 3% (10-20 µm) compared to other
concentrations (1 and 2%). Besides, the incorporation of SCPH at all concentrations
shows a significant difference on L*, a* and b* values of the emulsion sausages during
extended storage of 12 days (p<0.05). The SCPH was shown to retard lipid oxidation of
sausage after extended storage of 12 days, with lower PV and TBARS values. Therefore,
the effectiveness in retarding lipid oxidation achieved with the higher concentration of
SCPH and it also capable to retain textural properties of fish emulsion sausage in the
refrigerated storage of 12 days. Thus, as an alternative antioxidant in fish emulsion
sausage, SCPH showed a potential to be used as it improved the physicochemical
properties and oxidative stability of fish emulsion sausage.
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