Optimisation of microwave-assisted production of acid condensate from palm kernel shell and its biological activities

Zulkifli, Seri Elyanie; Hamzah, Mohd Amir Asyraf Mohd; Yahayu, Maizatulakmal; Aziz, Astimar Abd; Hashim, Najihah Mohd; Zakaria, Zainul Akmar

doi:10.1007/s13399-021-01631-6

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…However, fast pyrolysis is the most favorable method due to the maximum yield of liquid and gaseous products produced at the end of the process. In pyrolysis process, the optimum temperature conducted is between 350 • C and 500 • C to obtain high yield of AC (Zulkifli et al, 2021). At high pyrolysis temperature, large molecules of liquid and residual solid break down into small molecules thus enriched in gaseous fractions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For PKS, generally, the ratio of PKS to 1 ton of oil produced is about 0.3:1 and this means that every 0.3 ton of PKS produces 1 ton of oil. PKS has higher calorific value (relative to other types of oil palm biomass), low ash and sulfur contents that show its potential to be used for the production of bio‐oil, biochar and acid condensate (AC) (Zulkifli et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular docking analysis on antifungal properties of acid condensate produced from palm kernel shell

Azman

Hamzah

Yahayu

et al. 2022

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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The rise in the number of fungi that resisted antifungal action is of serious concern nowadays. In this study, the potential of acid condensate (AC) produced from microwave‐assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for its antifungal properties through molecular docking evaluation. The phenolic‐rich AC was determined for its chemical compositions using the GC–MS analysis where compounds with the highest phenolics content were further evaluated (using the Autodock Tools 1.5.7) for its potential enzymes/protein binding properties. From the GC–MS analysis, catechol, guaiacol and syringol were present at highest percentages. This directly correlates with results obtained from the molecular docking works where all these ligands managed to bind (indicated by H‐bond, π‐stacking, hydrophobic interaction) with some of the amino acid at the active sites which indicate its potential to inhibit substrate binding of this enzyme. As a conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential use of AC from agricultural biomass such as PKS as a natural‐based antifungal agent that can reduce environmental and health impacts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%