22 alkylated polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (alk-PAHs) were characterized
in ambient air individually for the first time in urban and semi-urban
locations in Toronto, Canada. Five unsubstituted PAHs were included
for comparison. Results from the measurements were used to estimate
benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq) of individual
compounds in order to investigate the significance of a single compound
in contributing to the overall toxic equivalency (TEQ) of air mixtures.
To determine which compounds merit further investigation, BaPeq values
of individual compounds were compared to the measured BaP toxicity.
Our results showed that both unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs were
more abundant in the urban area (38 and 30%, respectively). Benzo[a]pyrene levels at the urban location exceeded Ontario’s
24 h guideline (40% of the events), and on average, it was 5 times
higher than that at the semi-urban area. Gas-phase two- and three-ring
compounds contributed up to 39% (urban) and 76% (semi-urban) of the
TEQ of all compounds analyzed. Some alk-PAHs such as 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene had a huge impact on the toxicity of urban
air, and its BaPeq was on average 8 times higher than that of BaP.
We emphasize that the toxic impact of alkylated and gaseous PAHs,
which is not routinely included in many air monitoring programs, is
significant and should not be neglected.
The global crisis of the present era, the COVID-19 pandemic, has changed given new normal ways in many of the sectors. The present review highlights the impact, problems, and challenges faced by major areas of the health care sector due to pandemics and also addresses some of the aspects of upcoming approaches. The healthcare sector is the one sector that is on-demand since this COVID-19 pandemic raised. During the initial period, there was disruption of various services provided by the health care sector due to supply chain management issues and reduction in demand by consumers, quarantine, and lockdown period. The healthcare workers also confronted a huge challenge due to the increased number of cases and shortage of amenities and safety measures. This significantly affected even COVID-19 patients and the general public suffering from other diseases. To fight this issue, research and development (RandD) in pharmaceutical industries with great efforts to explore molecules and save many lives. Gradually innovative ways to strengthen and combat pandemics started emerging. Numeral ways and rules were adopted to prevent, diagnose and cure the disease. Artificial intelligence technology has emerged as one of the boons to address many of the unresolved or time-consuming mysteries. All the divisions of health care sectors have started working more efficiently with adopted new strategies to face future challenges.
Identification of a new drug molecule to a new target, specifically viral, bacterial, and fungal infection, is the prime focus of time immortal. The tridiagonal practice of drug discovery for emerging viral infection turned out to be a new venture to combat the morbidly and mortality of recent pandemics due to viral, bacterial, fungal, infection and infestation, the emerging number of viral infections day by day, the targeted therapy with the gap in assessment lead to reprofiling or repositioning available FDA-approved formulation give promising drug candidate for various infection specifically the current scenario of antiviral drug-reprofiling through drug designing approach, the emergence of resistance to existing antiviral drugs and re-emerging viral infections are the greatest challenges in antiviral drug discovery. The reprofiling approach is a worthy strategy to get the potent antiviral in brief span of time to overcome the challenges in antiviral therapy. The present chapter will be another representing the most promising results of reprofiling (Repositioning or repurposing) approach in the treatment of various infectious diseases.
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