Periodontal diseases usually refer to inflammatory disorders that are caused by pathogenic bacteria in the subgingival biofilm in association with impaired host immune response and connective tissue breakdown. The bacterial challenge exacerbates the cytokine production by the gingival epithelium, resulting in an uncontrolled inflammation that leads to tooth loss in adults from different populations. The prevalence of these diseases increases with aging, longer retention of teeth, and increased incidence of obesity and diabetes among the population. The prevalence demonstrates an increasing trend and a correlation with numerous comorbidities. Hence, as a family physician one should have the in-depth knowledge regarding the relationship between obesity and periodontitis to create awareness among people to provide primary care. Thus, it is relevant to develop new methods capable of detecting these diseases in the early stages and following up on their progression.

The current study aimed to perceive and estimate the distribution of stress generated by the forces on the maxillary anterior teeth during orthodontic retraction using the bilateral mini screw implant. Finite element models were generated from the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the maxillary arch via cone–beam computed tomography (CBCT). These models imitate the retraction of maxillary anterior teeth with the mini screw placed as the skeletal anchorage. The titanium mini screw of 1.3 mm × 8 mm dimension was placed at a height of 9 mm between the first molar and second premolar on both sides of the maxilla. A nickel titanium (NiTi) coil spring of 9 mm length was attached from the mini screw implant to the power arm which generated a force of 250 gm/side. Two different power arms were placed between the lateral incisor and canine at a height of 4 mm (group 1) and 8 mm (group 2), respectively. There were no significant differences observed when the stress values were compared to the left side and the right side in group 1 with a power arm of 4 mm. In group 2, the stresses around the lateral incisors were found to be on the higher side when compared with the central incisors and canines. The length of the power arm shows no significant difference in stress distribution pattern on the left and right sides except for stresses moving from the canine region to the lateral incisor region with the increase in power arm height.

Background and Objectives: The most common treatment procedure for periodontitis and gingivitis is scaling and root planing, which is perceived as a painful dental treatment. The current study aimed to assess pain perception and analgesics consumption after scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with stage II and stage III periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Before starting the SRP, all the periodontal parameters, such as probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were measured. The anxiety level of the patients was also assessed using the modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS) questionnaire. Pain perception of the patients was recorded with the visual analog scale (VAS) after performing the SRP. Patients were asked to mark their pain level on the VAS sheet after two hours, four hours, eight hours, 24 h, and 48 h after the periodontal treatment. The following cut-off points were used for the pain intensity in the VAS: 0 = no pain, 1–4 = mild pain, 4–6 = moderate pain, and 7–10 = severe pain. Patients were advised to take analgesics if the pain was intolerable. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to conduct the association of all dependent variables and the pain perception of patients. A nonparametric Friedman test was conducted to assess pain perception at different times. Results: A total of 52 patients including 32 males and 20 females participated in the current study, with a mean age of 43.10 ± 12.33 years. Multivariate analyses showed that MDAS and analgesic consumption is significantly associated with pain perception. Other clinical variables are not associated with pain perception. The Friedman test exhibited that pain perception is significantly associated (p < 0.05) with time. Conclusions: Analgesic consumption and anxiety level are significantly associated with pain perception after SRP treatment.

To assess the effectiveness of Listerine mouthwash as an adjuvant to routine toothbrushing. The current trial was undertaken in 60 subjects who were categorized into two groups. Group A (Tooth brushing alone two times a day for two weeks) and Group B (Tooth brushing two times a day followed by 20 ml Listerine mouth rinse for 30 seconds twice daily, 30 minutes follow up tooth brushing). Plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were evaluated using Modified Gingival Index, Turesky-Gillmore-Glickman- Modification of Quigley Hein Plaque Index and Approximal Plaque Index. The modified gingival index scores were significantly reduced in both groups and when pre and post treatment measurements of modified gingival index were equated in participants exercising toothbrushing accompanied by Listerine mouthwash, it was observed that the modified gingival index scores were significantly decreased. When the mean difference in plaque index values were equated in participants exercising toothbrushing accompanied by Listerine mouthwash then it was concluded that the values were significantly decreased. Listerine mouthwash could be considered as a supplement to mechanical plaque control approaches for the reason that of its exceptional antiplaque upshots, that is considered as a outcome of its excellent gradation of tenacity on the tooth surface.