The objective of this study was to assess relationship between smoking, some other risk factors and ulcers development in intensive care unit. This prospective cohort study was performed in two university-affiliated hospitals. The sample consisted of adult male patients who were admitted to medical-surgical intensive care units. All eligible patients were grouped according to their cigarette smoking status as smoker and non-smoker. The final sample included 160 smokers and 192 non-smokers. Pressure ulcer occurred in 62 smoker patients and 28 of non-smoker who showed significant difference. Also number of pack-year of cigarettes smoking showed significant association with ulcer development. Ulcer stage was significantly different between the two groups. Besides of smoking, age, length of stay, faecal incontinency, diabetes mellitus, anaemia and trauma were significantly associated with pressure ulcers. Our study showed significant association between smoking and development of pressure ulcers.

BackgroundNephrolithiasis is a widespread multifactorial disorder. Constitutional, environmental and genetic factors play a role in stone formation. Although important advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of stone formation, none of the many theories have given a satisfactory explanation of this process.ObjectivesThe objective of study was to evaluate the probable relationship between cigarette smoking and nephrolitiasis in adult men.Patients and MethodsA total of 102 cases diagnosed with nepholithiasis and 121 age-matched healthy controls were recruited from June 2010 to September 2011. Smoking status and resultant data was obtained from both groups.ResultsTwenty seven (26.5%) of the patients with stones and eighteen (14.9%) of the control group were current cigarette smokers. Our findings showed that smoking significantly increases the risk of nepholithiasis (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.06-4.01, P = 0.034). There was no significant difference in the number of cigarettes smoked (P = 0.830) and years of smoking (P = 0.536) between subjects with and without stones (P = 0.536).ConclusionsThis study suggests that cigarette smoking might be an independent risk factor for the development of nephrolithiasis.

To assess the impact of acute bacterial infections on plasma lipid levels and to determine the value of plasma lipid measurements in the diagnosis of acute bacterial infection. Materials and methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 112 patients with acute bacterial infections admitted in hospital and 112 healthy individuals as controls. Levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were measured in blood samples of all subjects. Mean levels of serum lipids were compared in both groups.Results: Both groups were matched based on age (P = 0.10), sex (P = 0.789), BMI (P = 0.515), and history of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.231). Compared with control subjects, in patients with acute bacterial infections, signifi cantly lower levels of total cholesterol (P = 0.013) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001) were found. Th ere was no statistically signifi cant diff erences in triglycerides (P = 0.194) and low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.075) serum levels between patients and controls. Conclusion:Th ese results suggested that acute bacterial infections are associated with decreased serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein level. Th erefore plasma lipids levels may serve as indicators of acute bacterial infections.

Our findings confirm previous literature on the negative impact of menopausal symptoms on QoL, and show the interaction of some sociodemographic characteristics including age, number of children, household income, and BMI, on QoL. Health professionals should ensure that they consider a range of factors in middle-aged women's lives and provide insight into possible treatment strategies and lifestyle interventions for improving QoL.

This study demonstrates lack of adequate knowledge about basic concepts of EBM among medical student. On the other hands, there is an overall positive attitude toward EBM. There is need for educational interventions and incorporating formal teaching of EBM at medical education.

Background:Overweight and obesity have become a global public health over the last decades. Obesity has been suggested to be a risk factor for some infections, but studies often showed controversial findings. Few studies examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and urinary tract infection (UTI), showing inconsistent results.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between BMI and UTI in adult patients.Patients and Methods:Adult patients (≥ 18 years old) who were referred to clinics or admitted in hospital with diagnosis of UTI were considered for participation in the study. Control group were selected from healthy adult normal population whom underwent medical check-ups at the same hospital and without history of UTI. Data about age, gender, history of diabetes mellitus and BMI were registered for individuals who met inclusion criteria.Results:A total of 116 patients with UTI and 156 people as the control group were included in the study. Two groups were matched for age, gender and history of diabetes mellitus. Mean BMI ± SD of patients was 25.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2 and the controls was 25.1 ± 3.6 kg/m2. There was no significant correlation between BMI and UTI (P = 0.757). Mean BMI ± SD of patients with upper UTI was 25.6 ± 4.1 kg/m2 and for lower UTI was 24.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2. There was no significant difference between BMI of controls and patients with any type of UTI (P = 0.573).Conclusions:Our findings did not found an association between BMI and UTI and does not support obesity as a risk factor for UTI in adult patients.

This study in the Islamic Republic of Iran aimed to determine whether metoclopramide can prevent nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU). Of 220 patients admitted to the surgical ICU who had a nasogastric tube for more than 24 hours, 68 case patients received oral metoclopramide (10 mg every 8 hours) and 152 control patients did not. Similar proportions of cases and controls developed nosocomial pneumonia (33.8% versus 33.6%). Endotracheal intubation was a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia (odds ratio 7.70). There were no significant differences between groups in mortality rate or time of onset of nosocomial pneumonia. Metoclopramide appears to have no effect on the development of nosocomial pneumonia with nasogastric feeding. ,70). Aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre les deux groupes en termes de taux de mortalité ou de moment de la survenue de la pneumonie nosocomiale. Il semble que le métoclopramide n'ait aucun effet sur l'apparition de la pneumonie nosocomiale chez les patients alimentés par sonde nasogastrique.

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