Construction is the most risky industry in term of the number of work-related fatalities. In 2008, 780 fatalities resulted from construction accidents, and cost the industry approximately $15.6 billion in U.S. annually. The design for safety (DfS) concept roots in the design and planning phase with focus on making vital choices about various design options, different ways of construction and materials used according to construction safety considerations. Design for safety tools raise the designer's skill and knowledge to identify hazards. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the most recent technology for Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools which can be used for safety planning and DfS concept. BIM and visualization tools create opportunities to assist design teams to identify hazardous situations.The main aim of this paper is to show that the integrated design and collaborative features of BIM can be used in enhancing safety on construction sites and developing utilization of BIM for safety planning. 53% of the respondents to a qualititative survey, with 62 completed instruments, believed that visualization tools have more positive effects on improving construction safety in comparison to the other current tools for DfS.BIM have a unique ability to integrate into the safety management and to support prevention through design concept. There is an essential need to document BIM's capabilities and advantages, in order to expand the application of these technologies in safety management.
Construction industry is ranked first for occupational risks and workplace incidents among all industries. Popular belief assumes most of these incidents happen due to structural failures or worker carelessness. However research shows a link between design and construction site incidents. According to the literature, considerable number of accidents can be linked to the design phase. However, designers usually avoid focusing on construction safety due to legal complications.There are very few risk analysis and control methods available which can evaluate the degree of safety risks for different design options. This study aims to recommend some appropriate measures to enable designers to assess potential risks in construction and deal with it in the design phase. Visualization tools, based on Building Information Modeling (BIM), can help designers to detect potential accidents and play a major role in safety planning prior to the construction phase.This article establishes the ways in which integrated design and collaborative features of BIM can be used in enhancing safety on construction sites. The main objective of this paper is to prioritize the ways in which BIM can be utilized in improving construction safety. For this purpose we classified the appropriate measures that help BIM be more practical in safety management. Based on analysis performed on responses to a survey, the two measures ranked the highest were as follows: 1. Incorporation and development of various levels of detail into the BIM model, as it pertains to construction equipment, material and labor at the design phase 2. Integration of hazard potentials and prevention strategies with the 3D BIM model
While it comes to "Sustainable design", it's usually defined by the concepts like energy consumption optimization, natural sources utilization and environmental protection. Despite of designers focus on these requirements, the financial issues could also affect the sustainability of a design. When a worker injured or dead, it has a direct effect on the financial aspect of the sustainable design beside it is obviously in contradiction to the green design principals. So it may provide a design with the most sustainability when the occupational safety and health, energy conversation and environmental protection come together. To help designers in PtD, a variety of tools have been developed. The newest category of tools are 3D(three-dimensional) and 4D computer-aided-design(CAD) models and Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies which assist in visualizing 3D components to detect interferences between building systems and spatial-temporal workspace conflicts during construction. This research assessed perceptions about the impact of the implementation of 3D/4D BIM on construction safety. A qualitative survey with a response rate of 62 completed surveys, and based on Iran's construction incidents distribution and happened incidents percentage in 7 primary accident's category, showed that 75% of the respondents thought that construction accidents can be eliminated or lessened through using 3D/4D BIM. The highest three ranking in order of most preventable category of accidents were falls from height, cuts or blows from objects and tools, and thermal contacts or electrical shocks. Beside the safe design idea, sustainable design can also be developed and improved with design suggestions in combination of new design for safety tools and technologies like 3D/4D virtual construction and BIM. This will make ease in correct choices among different designing options and in some cases even would be ended in the new design suggestions.
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