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Introduction: High intensity interval training (HIIT) enhances the capacity for fat oxidation and mitochondrial enzyme activity, but the effect of HIIT on plasma adiponectin levels is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the six week HIIT on resting plasma levels of adiponectin, insulin sensitivity and resistance and fat loss in sedentary young women. Materials and Methods: Twenty two students voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group performed three HIIE sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of either four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20 m area with 20-30 sec recovery. Fasting blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after the exercise protocol. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and paired t-test. Results: Statistical analysis of the data showed that resting adiponectin levels post-intervention in the experimental group significantly increased (p=0.047). Significant improvements (P<0.05) were found in body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) postintervention (experimental group). Conclusion: The findings of present study demonstrated that high-intensity interval training is an appropriate method to reduce body fat and improve anthropometric indices in sedentary young women. Also, the intensity of exercise as an important factor in the increase of adiponectin levels could be noted.

This study investigated the short-term effects of low-fat chocolate milk (LFCM) consumption on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and performance in female badminton players. Seven female badminton players (23 ± 1 years; height: 163.8 ± 4.1 cm; body mass: 58.7 ± 0.9 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 week of LFCM (500 mL) or placebo (water, 500 mL) consumption in a crossover design. Participants consumed LFCM or water immediately after each training session during the 1-week intervention. Performance variables (aerobic power, anaerobic power, agility, explosive power, and maximum handgrip strength) were assessed at two separate time points: pre and post-intervention (after 1 week). In addition, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess DOMS before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 h after each training session. There were significant time effects for aerobic power, upper body explosive power, minimum anaerobic power, and time to exhaustion (TTE), which significantly increased after LFCM consumption (p < 0.05). Moreover, relative and maximum lower body power significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) as well as DOMS in lower extremity muscles immediately after exercise significantly decreased after LFCM consumption compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in maximum anaerobic power, agility, and maximum handgrip strength (p > 0.05). LFCM, as a post-exercise beverage, may help speed recovery in female badminton players leading to increased aerobic, anaerobic, and strength performance indices, increased TTE, and decreased muscle soreness and RPE.

Background Mouth-rinsing with ergogenic solutions such as carbohydrate and caffeinated drinks has been considered among athletes as a practical nutritional strategy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of repeated coffee mouth-rinsing (CMR) doses on specific performances of futsal players. Method Twenty-four male futsal players randomly participated in this randomized, double-blind, and crossover design study. During the intervention, participants were randomly placed in four different conditions including 1. low-dose CMR (LDC, n = 6, ~60 mg caffeine); 2. high-dose CMR (HDC, n = 6, ~125 mg caffeine); 3. decaffeinated CMR (PLA, n = 6, ~10 mg caffeine); and 4. no CMR (CON, n = 6). Vertical jump height was measured at baseline, baseline after CMR (baseline-CMR), immediately after the intermittent futsal endurance test (FIET) (IA-FIET), 5 min after the FIET (5”A-FIET) and 10 min after the FIET (10”A-FIET). Perceived fatigue was also measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, IA-FIET, 5”A-FIET, and 10”A-FIET. CMR was also performed at baseline, during FIET (Repeated between levels), and 10’A-FIET. The collected data were analyzed (with SPSS software) by one- and two-way repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at P < 0.05 level. Results The findings of the present study illustrated that the perceived fatigue in IA-FIET increased significantly compared to the baseline which was accompanied by a significant decrease in 5”A-FIET and 10”A-FIET compared to IA-FIET ( P < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed between conditions in the baseline, IA-FIET, 5”A-FIET, and 10”A-FIET ( P > 0.05). However, HDC and LDC rose significantly the distance covered in FIET compared to CON and PLA ( P < 0.05). In addition, HDC increased the FIET performance more than LDC ( P < 0.05). Although there was no difference between any of the conditions at baseline ( P > 0.05), baseline-CMR increased significantly the vertical jump height ( P < 0.05). At IA-FIET, vertical jump height decreased to baseline levels in CMR conditions but increased in 5”A-FIET, which remained constant until 10”A-FIET ( P < 0.05). In addition, vertical jump height in HDC and LDC conditions was significantly higher than CON in IA-FIET, 5”A-FIET, and 10”A-FIET. Conclusion This study showed that repeated CMR with low and high doses is a useful strategy to improve specific futsal performance. However, higher dose CMR appears to have more profound effects on performance improvement than lower doses.

Background:Exercise training (ET) has a cardioprotective effect and can induce new cardiomyocyte formation in physiological cardiac remodeling. However, following a large myocardial infarction (MI), the changes in cardiac regeneration and the subsequently different intensities of ET remain unexplored. We investigated the effect of different intensities of ET on the expression of C/EBPβ and CITED4 after an MI. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to left coronary artery ligation (LAD). Following an echocardiographic evaluation at four weeks after surgery, MI-operated animals were randomly assigned to either the MI-sedentary (MI-Sed) or the MI-trained groups (low intensity interval training (LIIT), moderate intensity interval training (MIIT), and high intensity interval training (HIIT)). MItrained animals performed six weeks ET protocols (five days/week). Results: Ten weeks after surgery, HIIT and MIIT animals had significantly higher LV ejection fraction compared to MI-Sed animals. HIIT animals had significantly diminished mRNA levels of C/EBPβ compared to MI-Sed. The mRNA level of CITED4 in HIIT and MIIT were significantly high compared to MI-Sed. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that cardiac functions are ET intensity-dependent, following a MI. It seems that higher intensities of ET are most effective agents in promoting the expression of C/EBPβ and CITED4. Thus, ET has emerged as an important variable in preclinical and clinical investigations.

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Background: The effectiveness of simulation-based training has been examined in various sports. However, considering the effect of gender and sport on training, it would be interesting to evaluate simulation-based training in female basketball. Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of simulation-based training on physical fitness and performance indices in female basketball players. Methods: Sixteen female semi-professional basketball players were randomly assigned to experimental (n=8; age, 25±2 years; weight, 62±9 kg; height, 167±8 cm) or control (n=8; age, 24±1 years; weight, 57±9 kg; height, 170±8 cm) groups. The experimental group participated in a six week basketball simulation training program including running with different speeds (jogging to sprinting), agility, jumping, and shuffling. Both groups performed the Cooper 12 min run, line drill, an adjusted T-test, 20 ms print, the Sargent vertical jump and basketball exercise simulation test before and after six weeks of the study period. Control and experimental groups performed typical basketball training, three times weekly. The overall training volume was similar for both groups. Results: The perceived exertion was higher in the simulation-based training than control (p<0.05) group. The findings of this study indicated a significant increase in VO2 max (p=0.001), anaerobic power (p=0.009), explosive leg strength (p=0.036), and total distance covered in basketball exercise simulation test (p=0.001) and decrease of the meantime of one round of basketball exercise simulation test (p=0.001) in the simulation training compared to the control group. Conclusion: Generally incorporation of the simulation-based training in conditioning programs is recommended for improving aerobic, anaerobic and leg explosive strength of basketball players.

Introduction: The molecular mechanisms of the improvement of exercise on memory are in the aura of ambiguity.Therefore, the aim of this research was studying the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training (HIIST) on the biochemical factors of lipid metabolism and hippocampal memory function of male rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods: The present study was experimental. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat HFD (n=20) groups. Rats in the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks with the aim of inducing NASH. After proving the disease in HFD group rats, the remaining rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-sedentary (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), sedentary disease (n=9) and diseased-swimming (n=9). The exercise groups performed eight weeks of HIIST (three sessions/week, each session lasting 30 minutes). At the end, FNDC5 protein was evaluated by western blot method and brain hippocampal irisin and serum FFA by ELISA method. Memory performance was measured by the water Maz-Morris behavioral test. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between groups, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between two groups (p<0.05). Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the FNDC5 protein and irisin of the brain hippocampus and serum FFA and in memory function variables between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: HIIST in NASH model can activate lipid metabolism in the hippocampus of the brain and improve memory function. However, more research is needed in this field.