CD11c is a member of the β2‐integrin family typically used to define myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). Recent reports identify CD11c‐expressing CD8+ T cells as a new subset of CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Evidence exists that CD11c+CD8+ T cells may exert their effector or regulatory functions under different conditions. To date, no studies have addressed the frequency of CD11c+ T cells in cancer. Limited evidence exists in terms of expression of immune‐checkpoint receptors, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (CTLA‐4), as well as forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in mouse lymphoid organs. Here, we have assessed CD11c+CD8+ and CD11c+CD4+ T cells, Foxp3, PD‐1, and CTLA‐4 expressing CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in different tissues from three groups of male BALB/c mice—young, mature, and those with colorectal cancer (CRC). Analysis of CD3+CD11c+ T cells in the bone marrow (BM), spleen, and lymph nodes (LN) in each group showed a higher percentage of CD3+CD11c+ T cells in the BM from all groups and in the lymphoid organs of the cancer group compared with the young and mature groups. CD4low and CD4high cell fractions in mice BM have different expression patterns for Foxp3 and CTLA‐4. We have observed a higher frequency of CD8+PD‐1+ T cells in the BM, spleen, and LN of CRC mice compared with normal mice. T‐cell exhaustion is associated with inhibitory receptor PD‐1. According to the regulatory roles of CD11c expression in CD8+ T cells, we have proposed that the elevated percentage of CD11c, Foxp3, CTLA‐4, and PD‐1 expressing T cells were associated with immune response dysregulation in CRC.

Background and objective: Proper exercise and nutrition can help prevent bone disorders in old age, therefore present study aimed to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with genistein (Ge) on biomechanical properties of femur bone in elderly female rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 elderly female rats with mean age of 18-24 months and mean weight of 220.15±15.28 g were divided into five groups of eight rats including: 1) control (C), 2) sham (Sh), 3) HIIT, 4) HIIT + Ge, and 5) Ge. During eight weeks groups 3 and 4 performed HIIT for three sessions per week with an intensity of 90 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in high intensity intervals and 40 to 45% VO2max in low intensity intervals and groups 4 and 5 received 60 mg/kg/day Ge peritoneally. Maximum bending strength (Fmax) measured with three-point bending test and serum levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus were measured by o-Cresolphthalein and molybdate methods, respectively. Shapiro-Wilk, one way ANOVA with Tukey's posthoc tests were used for analysis of data (P≤0.05). Results: HIIT (P=0.02), Ge (P=0.001) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.001) significantly increased Fmax also Ge (P=0.04) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.03) had more favorable effect on increasing Fmax compare to HIIT nevertheless HIIT, Ge and HIIT+Ge had not significant effect on Ca and phosphorus (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Although HIIT and Ge alone can enhance Fmax in femur of elderly female rats, nevertheless HIIT+Ge has more favorable effect on increase of Fmax compare to HIIT.

Background The FOXO3a/Beclin-1 pathway is an important pathway in autophagy that can be impaired in diabetic patients who are prone to cardiomyopathy. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week endurance training program on the content of FOXO3a and Beclin-1 proteins in the heart muscle tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods This experimental study was conducted on 12 male two-month-old Sprague Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g. After diabetic induction by streptozotocin and nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned into two groups of diabetic-exercise (n=6) and diabetic-control (n=6). The diabeticexercise group received intervention 4 days per week, each session for 42 minutes at a speed of 10-30 m/m for 8 weeks, while the control group received no any training program. The rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study. Collected data were analyzed using independent t-test at a significance level of P≤0.05. Findings No significant changes were observed in the content of FOXO3a (P=0.12) and Beclin-1 (P=0.34) proteins in the training group compared to the control group after intervention. Conclusion The endurance training can not affect the content of FOXO3a and Beclin-1 proteins. Therefore, it seems that endurance training may not affect autophagy signaling in the heart muscle of type 2 diabetic patients.

Introduction: Mitochondrial disorders play an essential role in reducing the health, infes tation, and progression of aging. The SIRT3 in mitochondria coordinates many mitochondrial biological aspects that are important in aging. Moreover, it alters directly the activity of many metabolic enzymes. Exercise has been able to enhance SIRT3 protein's expression and improve antioxidant function and neuroprotection. Resveratrol acts as a modulator of SIRT3 and has anti-aging and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this s tudy was to determine the effect of HIIT swimming activity and resveratrol supplementation on SIRT3 levels in the frontal lobe among older rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; control (C), solvent (S), supplement (R), HIIT exercise (EX), HIIT exercise, and supplement (EXR)). The EX group performed HIIT swimming training for six weeks. Group C rats did not practice. Group R rats received only resveratrol supplementation. Rats in the EXR group performed HIIT swimming exercises with resveratrol. Group S received the only solvent. The SIRT3 protein levels were assessed frontal lobe of the rats. Results: A significant increase in SIRT3 protein was observed in group R, EX, and EXR groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was a subs tantial difference between the mean values of SIRT3 protein among the three groups. SIRT3 levels in the EX and EXR groups were significantly greater compared to the R group. Conclusion: Increasing the amount of SIRT3 in the response of HIIT swimming training in older rats indicating the involvement of this protein in metabolic pathways, antioxidant defense, and neuroprotection. In addition to metabolic tissues, this process occurs in the frontal lobe of the brain.n

Background mTORC1 marker pathway is one of the crucial pathways for the regulation of transcription level and an essential route involved in protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training on mTORC1 marker pathway in soleus muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. Methods In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (Mean±SD weight: 270±20g) were obtained. After induction of diabetes (by streptozotocin administration), the rats were randomly assigned into two groups: endurance training and control. The exercise training was administered to the experimental group performed 4 days a week for 8 weeks, while the control group did not receive any training program. The study proteins were measured using western blot method. The Independent t-test analyzed the obtained data. Findings A significant change was not observed in the total content of Akt1 proteins, P70S6K1, 4E-BP1, and P70S6K1 phosphorylation content in the experimental group compared to the control group, but the total protein content of mTOR, the phosphorylation form of Akt1 proteins, and 4E-BP1 was significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion Eight weeks of endurance training can activate the Akt1/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway in the mTORC1. Therefore, with regard to muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic patients, endurance training can activate the mTORC1 marker pathway to regulate the transcription genes and subsequently, the expression of proteins.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress cause damage to cells which can lead to the aging process and age-related diseases. Antioxidants such as resveratrol and high-intensity exercise can benefit oxidative damage prevention. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of swimming high-intensity interval training and resveratrol on mitochondrial metabolism key proteins, SIRT5, SOD1, and PDH-E1α, and the level of NAD+ as a cofactor in the deacetylation process in aged rat hippocampus. Forty-five male Wistar rats, aged 20 months, were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), Swimming High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) (S-HIIT), Swimming HIIT with resveratrol supplementation (S-HIIT-R), resveratrol supplementation (R), and solvent of resveratrol supplementation (SR). S-HIIT and resveratrol groups performed the exercise and received resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day, gavage) for six weeks. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein level in the hippocampus. The amount of SIRT5 and SOD1 proteins in the hippocampus increased. S-HIIT with resveratrol or resveratrol alone increased the PDH-E1α level significantly. The amount of NAD+ was analyzed by assay kit that was reduced in S-HIIT, S-HIIT-R, and SR groups compared to controls. The results showed that resveratrol and S-HIIT attenuated the age-related brain changes by increasing the expression of SOD1 and SIRT5 and reducing the level of NAD+ in the hippocampus. Considering these findings, S-HIIT and resveratrol supplementation could be proposed as strategies to attenuate age-related brain changes. Resveratrol alone and exercise through the regulation of crucial proteins and cofactors can influence mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of aged rats.

Introduction: The molecular mechanisms of the improvement of exercise on memory are in the aura of ambiguity.Therefore, the aim of this research was studying the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training (HIIST) on the biochemical factors of lipid metabolism and hippocampal memory function of male rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods: The present study was experimental. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat HFD (n=20) groups. Rats in the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks with the aim of inducing NASH. After proving the disease in HFD group rats, the remaining rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-sedentary (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), sedentary disease (n=9) and diseased-swimming (n=9). The exercise groups performed eight weeks of HIIST (three sessions/week, each session lasting 30 minutes). At the end, FNDC5 protein was evaluated by western blot method and brain hippocampal irisin and serum FFA by ELISA method. Memory performance was measured by the water Maz-Morris behavioral test. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between groups, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between two groups (p<0.05). Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the FNDC5 protein and irisin of the brain hippocampus and serum FFA and in memory function variables between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: HIIST in NASH model can activate lipid metabolism in the hippocampus of the brain and improve memory function. However, more research is needed in this field.

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