ABO blood group was first discovered by Landsteiner in 1901. Currently, there are more than 30 blood group systems, but ABO system remains the most clinically important of all blood groups in transfusion practice. The ABO blood group system antibodies are naturally occurring without any exposure to RBCs through transfusion or pregnancy, unlike the other blood group systems. Method The study was performed on a total of 40,591 healthy blood donors in Egypt. ABO and Rh (D) groupings were performed on all donors’ samples. Data on the frequency of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups were reported in numbers and percentages. Results The study showed that type A is the most common blood group (35.12%) in Egypt followed by O at 31.94%, followed by B at 23.12%, while AB had the least prevalence at 9.74%; A > O > B > AB. Our study showed that 91.78% of the donor population were Rh positive and 8.22% were Rh negative. The frequencies of the IA, IB, and IO alleles were calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium. The calculated gene frequencies are 0.2537 for IA (p), 0.1812 for IB (q), and 0.5651 for IO (r). In the Egyptian population, O (r) records the highest value, followed by B (q) and A (p); O > B > A. The homozygous types were as follows: OO, 31.94%; AA, 6.43%; and BB, 3.28%. The heterozygous types were AO, 28.67%; BO, 20.47%; and AB, 9.78%. Conclusions The study provides the first accurate ABO gene frequency data as well as information on the distribution of ABO blood group Rh groups of various alleles in the Egyptian population. This information is very helpful in the effective management of the blood bank inventory. It will help transfusion services planning for future health challenge and improve blood transfusion practice.
Introduction/Objective Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one the most prevalent bacterial infection in the world, affecting more than 50% of the world’s population. H. pylori are gram negative bacteria usually found in the stomach, penetrate the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to Gastric cancer which is the second most common cancer worldwide Objectives: The aim of this study is to predict the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastrointestinal tract patients in Egypt. Methods Subjects and methods: A total of 1120 patients were enrolled in this study from The Delta region in Egypt. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect H. pylori stool Antigen. Among the 1120 patient; 301 patients (26.9%) were males, 510 patients (45.6%) were females and 309 patients (27.5%) were children with age range from 1 years to 76 years. The mean of the age was 8,35,34 for children, males and females respectively. Results The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 52%. Among the 1120 patients, 576 patients (48%) were negative while 624 patients (52%) of the patients were Positive. It was observed that 169 patients (51.6%) of males were positive,275 patients (52.9%) of females were positive and 135 patients (41%) of children were positive. Furthermore, 133 patients (48.4%) of males were negative, 227 patients (47.2%) of females were negative and 181 patients 59% of children are negative. Conclusion This study revealed that the incidence and prevalence rates of H. Pylori in Egypt are relatively high. The high H. pylori prevalence is related to poor standard of living, low socio-economic conditions, poor sanitation and fecal contamination of food or water. It is crucial to launch educational awareness program for H. pylori in Egypt.
Introduction HCV is a health problem that confronts many countries in the world. Those patients will develop complications like cirrhosis and HCC, which is one of the most common cancers in the world, especially in Egypt, and considered the third leading cause of death worldwide. The prognosis of HCC is still dismal due to the late diagnosis. miRNAs are small, short noncoding RNAs, which have roles in the diagnosis of HCC. In our study, we focus on biological aspects of miRNAs. We report that miR-501 is strongly expressed and observed in the process of HCC development. miR-501 regulation is important as an oncofetal relevant to the diagnosis of HCC. Method This study was conducted on 100 adult patients; 25 patients were positive for anti-HCV and 25 patients were negative for HCV and enrolled as a control group. Patients were categorized into three groups: fibrosis (n = 25), CHC (n = 25), and HCC (n = 25) related to HCV evident by CT abdomen. All patients and controls were subjected to full clinical assessment and laboratory investigation. Blood (8 mL) was withdrawn from subjects, and 3 mL was collected in EDTA tubes for processing total RNA extraction and miRNA. The remaining 5 mL was left for determination of biochemical parameters. miRN-501 expression levels were determined by RT-PCR. Results The data revealed a significant increase in levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and CBC in both HCC and CHC groups compared to controls. The results of miRNA expression showed that miR-501 was higher in the HCC group than non-HCC group at P1.1. Conclusion miR-501 can be used as a noninvasive biomarker for early diagnosis of HCC among patients with HCV on account of its affectability for HCC.
Introduction Hematological complications such as neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia of DAAs/ribavirin in HCV can result in suboptimal outcomes. This study was aimed to investigate the frequency of hematological variations and their impact on the response to DAA therapy. Patients were defined as having hematological abnormalities if they had the presence of either/or a combination of the following hematological parameters at least once during the first month of treatment: drop in (Hb) level, TLC, and PLT count. Pretreatment, Hb, WBC count, and PLT count were not statistically related to the treatment response. However, lower count of all parameters was associated with moderate or advanced hepatic fibrosis stages according to the METAVIR scoring (P < .001). Static analysis showed that drop in Hb, TLC, and PLT count was significantly associated with response to treatment; P < .001, .21, and .41, respectively. Methods Fifty-eight patients for treatment of chronic hepatitis were studied. Their hematological parameters including TLC, Hb, and platelet counts were recorded before starting antiviral therapy and then at 3 monthly intervals. All the patients were given DAAS/ribavirin as antiviral therapy. Data were collected over a period of 3 months. Results Fifty-eight patients with mean (SD) age of 54.38 (12.67) years were studied. There was a mean hemoglobin (Hb) fall of 1.5 g/dL at the first 4 weeks of antiviral therapy. Mean TLC fell to 1.03 × 10⁹/L in the first month. A similar downward trend was noted in platelet values with a mean fall of 12.3 × 10⁹/mm in the first month of the antiviral therapy. Of the cases, 41.4% developed clinically significant anemia as evidenced by hemoglobin 11 g/dL after 4 weeks of antiviral therapy; this fall was noted only in first 4 weeks of treatment. Conclusion Significant hematological abnormalities occurred within the first 4 weeks of antiretroviral therapy. There was significant decrease in hemoglobin level.
Introduction: β-Thalassemia is an inherited abnormal condition that results in hemolytic anemia. It is the most common monogenic disorder in the world. The Mediterranean countries have the highest prevalence of β-thalassemia (2%-18%), and in Egypt, it is 9% to 10%. Regular multiblood transfusion and iron chelation are the major line of therapy for thalassemic patients. There are relatively low blood transfusion safety standards in the Third World countries. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has the highest risk of transfusion transmitted diseases and Egypt has the highest HCV prevalence worldwide. Method: Our study is aimed to assess the risk of HCV transmitted to thalassemic patients that receive regular blood transfusions by focusing on the statistics of this population. The study covered most Egyptian governorates from Nile Delta and Upper Egypt by collecting patients’ data between 2015 and 2018. Results: Consecutive studies were done on 946 β-thalassemic patients as demonstrated from the following: Cairo (205), Mansoura (36), Tanta (120), Damanhur (125), Alexandria (119), Zagazig (73), AlFayoum (121), and Sohag and Minia (147). Studies showed that the HCV-transmitted infection in thalassemia patients in Upper Egypt were detected at 37%, while some Nile Delta studies illustrated that 20% were infected with HCV from transfused thalassemia patients due to multiple blood transfusions. Conclusion: Blood transfusion–transmitted hepatitis C virus has a very high rate among Egyptian thalassemic patients compared to the worldwide rate. Common anti-HCV antibody screening assay has a low sensitivity and specificity compared to nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT). Therefore, our study recommends following the American Association of Blood Bank (AABB) guidelines for blood donation screenings and implementation of viral NAT testing to reduce the risk of viral transmission during the “window period.” This will reduce the time for effective detection from 70 to 10 days for HCV.
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