To differentiate the subtypes of renal cell carcinoma the degree of enhancement is the most valuable parameter. The presence or absence of cystic degeneration, vascularity and enhancement patterns can serve supplemental role in differentiating renal cell carcinoma subtypes.
It is mandatory for gynecologists and obstetricians to pay careful attention to the anatomy of the urinary tract in order to avoid its iatrogenic injury. Endourologic means were successful in enabling first aid management of some of these injuries. Early exploration is indicated in cases of ureteric obstruction that present early after trauma. Augmentation cystoplasty, urinary diversion or ileal replacement are indicated in only a few cases.
Early and late complications develop in a significant number of patients. Most early complications may be treated conservatively, while late complications are mostly treated with endourological and/or open surgery. Close lifelong surveillance of patients is mandatory to detect and properly treat these complications.
Doppler ultrasonography after hyperhydration with normal saline and furosemide is an accurate method for diagnosing renal obstruction in children. It is more sensitive, specific and accurate than baseline Doppler studies.
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