Soil gross nitrification (GN) is a critical process in the global nitrogen (N) cycle that results in the formation of nitrate through microbial oxidation of ammonium or organic N, and can both increase N availability to plants and nitrous oxide emissions. Soil GN is thought to be mainly controlled by soil characteristics and the climate, but a comprehensive analysis taking into account the climate, soil characteristics, including microbial characteristics, and their interactions to better understand the direct and indirect controlling factors of GN rates globally is lacking. Using a global meta‐analysis based on 901 observations from 330 15N‐labeled studies, we show that GN differs significantly among ecosystem types, with the highest rates found in croplands, in association with higher pH which stimulates nitrifying bacteria activities. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrifications contribute 63% and 37%, respectively, to global GN. Soil GN increases significantly with soil total N, microbial biomass, and soil pH, but decreases significantly with soil carbon (C) to N ratio (C:N). Structural equation modeling suggested that GN is mainly controlled by C:N and soil total N. Microbial biomass and pH are also important factors controlling GN and their effects are similar. Precipitation and temperature affect GN by altering C:N and/or soil total N. Soil total N and temperature drive heterotrophic nitrification, whereas C:N and pH drive autotrophic nitrification. Moreover, GN is positively related to nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions. This synthesis suggests that changes in soil C:N, soil total N, microbial population size, and/or soil pH due to anthropogenic activities may influence GN, which will affect nitrate accumulation and gaseous emissions of soils under global climate and land‐use changes.

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Since everything in the world is full of indeterminacy so, the neutrosophic becomes appear and found their place into research. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it focuses on some important notions such as neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic integral, and a single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS). Second, the most important part of the paper is related to the neutrosophic applications. There exists a lot of application in all field such as in information technology, information system and decision support system for example, relational database systems, semantic web services, financial data set detection, new economy's growth, decline analysis and etc... These notion and application may help the researcher in making algorithm to solve problems.

Harmony Search (HS) is a meta-heuristic algorithm which bases its operation on the musical improvisation process. Recently, HS has become a popular algorithm in the evolutionary computation fielddue to its superiority to many other algorithms. As a consequence, in this paper, HS algorithm, its improvements and applications in many fields, such as operations research and computer science, are discussed and analyzed. The survey investigates the difference between HS algorithms as well as its applications. To add to this, several future improvements are suggested.

this paper presents the basic dynamic frequency model for the Egyptian electrical grid at 2024. Including five types of energy sources transfer function block diagram models "thermal, hydraulic, gas, nuclear, wind" model, as a one area power system divided on the energy sources shared each one by its ratio. In this paper: a dynamic stability analysis has been makes on this system to study the ability of addition the first Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) to the Egyptian grid. There are two cases of study the frequency disturbance, first one when NPP with different sizes "900 MW & 1200 MW & 1400 MW & 1650 MW" sudden forced outage from the grid, second one when the thermal model loss 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% of power generated. Moreover for treatment this disturbances PID controller has been used to get more system stability and reliability.

IntroductionOsmoprotectant supplementation can be used as a useful approach to enhance plant stress tolerance. However, the effect of silymarin and clove fruit extract (CFE) on wheat plants grown under cadmium (Cd) stress has not been studied.MethodsWheat seeds were planted in plastic pots filled with ions-free sand. A ½-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution was used for irrigation. Pots were treated with eight treatments thirteen days after sowing: 1) Control, 2) 0.5 mM silymarin foliar application [silymarin], 3) 2% CFE foliar application [CFE], 4) CFE enriched with silymarin (0.24 g silymarin L-1 of CFE) [CFE-silymarin], 5) Watering wheat seedlings with a nutritious solution of 2 mM Cd [Cd]. 6) Cadmium + silymarin, 7) Cadmium + CFE, and 8) Cadmium + CFE-silymarin. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with nine replicates. Results and discussionThe Cd stress decreased grain yield, shoot dry weight, leaf area, carotenoids, chlorophylls, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, membrane stability index, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content by 66.9, 60.6, 56.7, 23.8, 33.5, 48.1, 41.2, 48.7, 42.5, 24.1, 39.9, and 24.1%, respectively. On the other hand, Cd has an Application of CFE, silymarin, or CEF-silymarin for wheat plants grown under Cd stress, significantly improved all investigated biochemical, morphological, and physiological variables and enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities. Applying CFE and/or silymarin enhanced plant tolerance to Cd stress more efficiently. Our findings suggest using CFE-silymarin as a meaningful biostimulator for wheat plants to increase wheat plants’ tolerance to Cd stress via enhancing various metabolic and physiological processes.

Such research was conducted aiming to evaluate soil fertility of 43 locations in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt through determination available and exchangeable K and their relationships with K potential. Main physical and chemical properties, as well as water soluble K, available K, exchangeable K, potassium potential, the potential buffering capacity and the activity ratio of potassium were determined. Sand content ranged from 14.0 to 95.6%. Clay content ranged from 2.4 to 61.9%. Calcium carbonate ranged from 1.14 to 64.76 g kgP-1 P and organic matter ranged from 2.69 to 22.83 g kgP-1 P. Soluble potassium ranged from 5.60 to 89.06 mg kgP-1 P. The highest was in Ezbet Elgendy which is characterized with high salinity and the lowest was in Ezbet Abd-Elraaof soil. Exchangeable K ranged between 29.28 and 636.31 mg/ kgP-1 P , the highest was in Elfaddadna soil and the lowest was in Abd-Elraaof soil. Available K ranged from 34.88 to 678.4 mg kgP-1 P soil. Potassium potential ranged between 2.10 to 2.63. High values were in soils characterized with light texture such those of Geta and Elmahawda. Low values were in soils of Ezbet Abd-Elraaof. Most of the soils have fairly adequate potassium content.