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Results provide empirical support for the ICD-11 proposals that childhood interpersonal traumatic exposure increases risk of CPTSD symptom development.

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Stigmatization, social exclusion, and mental disorders in the adolescents or young adults and parents increased risks for attempted suicide.

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Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of four types of childhood maltreatment in Denmark while taking into considerations how each of the types of maltreatment vary as a function of gender or child-protection status.Methods:Data were collected from a Danish national study conducted by The Danish National Centre for Social Research in 2008 and 2009. The study used a stratified random probability sample of young people aged 24 years. A sample of 4718 young adults were randomly selected by Statistics Denmark using the total birth cohort of all children born in 1984. The response rate was 63% leaving a total effective sample size of 2980. A structured residential or telephone interview enquired about a range of respondents maltreatment experiences. Results:Maltreatment is experienced by a significant proportion of Danish children. The reported prevalence rates were; physical neglect (3.0%), emotional abuse (5.2%), physical abuse (5.4%) and sexual abuse (3.4%). All trauma types were experienced by a greater percentage of females compared to males with the exception of physical abuse and all trauma types were experienced by a greater percentage of children given child-protection status. Conclusions:Female children and children who are given child protection status are those most at risk for experiencing maltreatment in Denmark. However, variability in prevalence rates of maltreatment across studies is problematic. Methodological variations and variation in abuse definitions may be partly attributable.

A sample of children of longterm unemployed parents were interviewed as 25-year olds. Their present living conditions and their experiences during childhood were compared with a simple random sample of the same cohort born in 1967. Results revealed that violence, separation from parents (in care according to files), and parents' addiction problems during childhood were significantly more common in the risk group than in the control group. Their present situation also differed decisively in vocational training, unemployment and psychological problems (lack of self-confidence, sleeping problems, anxiety, and considerations of suicide). The logistic regression model revealed that the factors which statistically could explain the loss of self-esteem were partly due to experiences during childhood and partly to their present situation. Parental unemployment, violence in the home, being bullied in school seems to drain self-esteem. Present unemployment and no vocational training have a statistical effect on their self-esteem, as well as lack of support from a spouse.

Between the ages of 10 and 21 years, anxiety and mood disorders share many common risk factors. However, urban dwelling and childhood adversity appear to be unique predictors of anxiety disorders. Results suggest there is no dominant factor in the prediction of either disorder, rather the accumulation of different risk factors is most deleterious.