Background: In gaining knowledge and comprehension of neuroanatomy, medical students require not only memorizing the anatomical structures but also understanding the spatial relationships. Along with the cadaver prosection usage, we proposed an anatomy visualization learning (AVL) as possible modality to fulfill this need, yet this has to be proven. This study aimed to know whether AVL can improve student knowledge in neuroanatomy and give a positive perception to the student. Methods: A quantitative and qualitative studies were performed to the first-year medical students (n=46) of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia who were randomly divided into two groups, an interventional (n=23) and a control (n=23) group. Both groups enrolled in the neuroanatomy learning module, with additional two sessions (two hours/session) of AVL using 3D anatomy visualization table for the intervention group. Quantitative study to know the knowledge improvement was done by comparing the pre-test, post-test and gain scores between groups. Student’s perception of the learning method was done using a questionnaire on a Likert scale. Qualitative study was done using open questions. Results: The median value of the pre-test score (8 [0-30] vs. 4 [0-42]; p=0.869) and the post-test scores (44 [30-82] vs. 40 [8-84]; p=0.068) between the interventional vs control group were not different. Nevertheless, the interventional group gained higher scores than the control group (41.6±18.06 vs. 29.8±20.47; CI 95%; p<0.05). Participants (the interventional group) had a positive perception about the AVL usage for neuroanatomy learning. Conclusion: AVL can be considered as a new approach modality for neuroanatomy learning.
Current primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treatments focus on limiting hematoma volume by lowering blood pressure, reversing anticoagulation, or hematoma evacuation. Nevertheless, there is no effective strategy to protect the brain from secondary injury due to ICH. Excess heme and iron as by-products of lysing clots in ICH might contribute to this secondary injury by triggering perihematomal edema. We present a clinical situation of an ICH case where iron-chelating therapy might be beneficial, as supported by scientific evidence. We looked through four databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar) to find studies assessing the efficacy of iron-chelating therapy in ICH patients. Validity, importance, and applicability (VIA) of the included articles were appraised using worksheets from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Two out of five eligible studies were valid, important, and applicable to our patient. Both studies showed the positive effects of iron-chelating therapy on neurological outcome, as measured by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and modified Rankin Score (mRS). The beneficial effects of deferoxamine were demonstrated within the moderate volume (10–30 mL) subgroup, with a positive relative risk reduction (RRR) and low number needed to treat (six persons). Based on our appraisal, we considered iron-chelating therapy as an additional therapy for ICH patients, given its benefits and adverse effects. More specific studies using a larger sample size, focusing on moderate-volume ICH, and using standardized neurological outcomes are encouraged.
LATAR BELAKANGPenghentian Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) pada dugaan Meningitis Tuberkulosa (METB) dapat dilakukan dengan penilaian gejala klinis, dan Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan kepala dengan kontras. DESKRIPSI KASUSPasien laki-laki, usia 36 tahun, dibawa ke instalasi gawat darurat (IGD) RS Hermina Daan Mogot dengan keluhan penurunan kesadaran bertahap sejak 1 hari yang lalu. Pasien mengeluh nyeri kepala yang memberat dalam 3 bulan, demam naik turun sejak 1 bulan. Pasien memiliki riwayat kontak serumah dengan penderita Tuberkulosis (TB). Pada pemeriksaan neurologi didapatkan, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) E3M5V2, tanda rangsangan meningeal (+) dan test HIV (-). CT Scan kepala dengan kontras didapatkan penyengatan kontras minimal di daerah sisterna silvii bilateral dan sisterna basalis dan kronik iskemik serebral infark pada frontoparietal kanan. Pasien mendapatkan tata laksana antiedema dan OAT kategori I. Setelah terdapat perbaikan klinis berupa perbaikan kesadaran menjadi compos mentis dan derajat nyeri kepala berkurang, pasien pulang dengan tata laksana antiedema, OAT dan antiplatelet. Saat rawat jalan pasien masih mengeluhkan nyeri kepala, dilakukan pemeriksaan CT Scan kepala, masih terdapat penyengatan kontras hingga bulan ke-12 dan ke-15. Pada bulan ke-18 pasien sudah tidak mengeluhkan nyeri kepala dan tidak terdapat penyengatan kontras pada CT scan kepala sehingga OAT dapat dihentikan. KESIMPULANPemberian OAT bervariasi pada setiap individu. Perpanjangan dan penghentian terapi dipertimbangan berdasarkan kondisi pasien dan dapat didukung dengan pemeriksaan penunjang seperti CT Scan kepala.
Objektif: Mendiagnosis gambaran masa multipel pada Computerized Tomography (CT) scan non-kontras pasien dengan dugaan meningitis tuberkulosis (MTB).Ilustrasi Kasus: Laki-laki, 34 tahun, dibawa keluarganya ke Unit Gawat Darurat (UGD) dengan keluhan kelemahan tubuh pada sisi kanan sejak 2 hari yang lalu. Keluhan nyeri kepala, demam, penurunan berat badan, batuk lama dan keringat malam dikeluhkan pasien sejak 2 bulan. Pemeriksaan neurologi ditemukan Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) E4M5Vafasia global. Rangsang meningeal (+). Kekuatan motorik kesan hemiparese dekstra, Laboratorium darah: leukositosis, anti Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) rapid (-). Rontgen thorax didapatkan bronkopneumonia bilateral dan efusi pleura et causa TB. CT scan kepala non-kontras didapatkan lesi heterogen hipo-hiperdens pada white matter lobus frontal dan temporal kiri, hidrosefalus komunikans ringan disertai tanda-tanda edema hemisfer serebri sinistra.Hasil Diskusi: Pasien ini didapatkan tanda infeksi TB disertai kaku kuduk dan adanya gambaran hidrosefalus pada CT scan kepala non-kontras sehingga diduga sebagai MTB. Hemiparesis dextra dan afasia global dapat disebabkan oleh massa multipel di frontal dan temporal sinistra yang pada CT scan kepala non-kontras dapat difikirkan sebagai tuberkuloma. Tuberkuloma biasanya soliter namun dapat multipel pada 15-34% kasus.1 Gambaran tuberkuloma pada CT scan kepala non-kontras tidak spesifik, dapat berupa massa hipodens, isodens, hiperdens, atau campuran. Apabila dilakukan CT scan kepala dengan pemberian kontras didapatkan penyengatan berbentuk cincin inhomogen, disertai adanya gambaran ventrikulitis.Kesimpulan: Penegakan diagnosis Tuberkuloma pada METB dilakukan dengan berdasarkan manifestasi klinis dan gambaran radiologis CT scan atau Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) kepala yang sebaiknya dilakukan dengan kontras.
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