Background: In gaining knowledge and comprehension of neuroanatomy, medical students require not only memorizing the anatomical structures but also understanding the spatial relationships. Along with the cadaver prosection usage, we proposed an anatomy visualization learning (AVL) as possible modality to fulfill this need, yet this has to be proven. This study aimed to know whether AVL can improve student knowledge in neuroanatomy and give a positive perception to the student. Methods: A quantitative and qualitative studies were performed to the first-year medical students (n=46) of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia who were randomly divided into two groups, an interventional (n=23) and a control (n=23) group. Both groups enrolled in the neuroanatomy learning module, with additional two sessions (two hours/session) of AVL using 3D anatomy visualization table for the intervention group. Quantitative study to know the knowledge improvement was done by comparing the pre-test, post-test and gain scores between groups. Student’s perception of the learning method was done using a questionnaire on a Likert scale. Qualitative study was done using open questions. Results: The median value of the pre-test score (8 [0-30] vs. 4 [0-42]; p=0.869) and the post-test scores (44 [30-82] vs. 40 [8-84]; p=0.068) between the interventional vs control group were not different. Nevertheless, the interventional group gained higher scores than the control group (41.6±18.06 vs. 29.8±20.47; CI 95%; p<0.05). Participants (the interventional group) had a positive perception about the AVL usage for neuroanatomy learning. Conclusion: AVL can be considered as a new approach modality for neuroanatomy learning.
Learning anatomy in medical school is still closely based on the use of cadavers. The burial of preserved cadaver poses a problem, specifically, it contaminates the soil with formalin. Many studies have been conducted to find an alternative fixative to update or modify formalin usage. One of them is ethanol-glycerin (EG), which suggests promising results. Despite that fact, there has yet to be any research comparing the decomposition rate between EG and formalin. This study is conducted to compare the rate of decomposition between the two fixative solutions, EG and 4% formalin on the hind limb of mice. The mice were first preserved using a standard primary fixative solution which is 10% formalin, following that procedure is preservation using advanced fixative solution, EG or 4% formalin. Upon completing the preservation steps, the mice were buried for 6 weeks and observed weekly. The stages of decomposition were assessed semi-quantitatively depending on its appearance. The hind limbs of mice that were fixed with EG solution managed to reach the last stage of decomposition, dry & remains, while the 4% formalin group of mice still remained in the previous stage, advanced decay. It is concluded that the mice hind limbs that have been previously preserved with EG advanced fixative solution has a faster decomposition rate compared to 4% formalin.
Research on the plantar segment has not been widely carried out in Indonesia’s population, even though the plantar segment data will be essential in further research and therapy of plantar-related problems. Therefore, this research intends to describe the plantar profile: the foot arch and the plantar pressure difference between the right and left foot. This research applied a cross-sectional study. Subjects were recruited from the Faculty of Medicine students, Universitas Indonesia, class 2012, with inclusion criteria aged 17-21 years and normal gait. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria consisted of having postural abnormalities, a history of neuromusculoskeletal disorders in the lower limbs, a history of fractures in the spine and legs, a history of surgery on the spine and legs, and refusing to participate in the study. Research subjects stood on a plantar scanner, conducted at the Anatomy Laboratory, the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. The Mann-Whitney test was then used to analyze the difference in plantar pressure between the right and left foot. The results revealed that a hundred research subjects had a proportion of a low foot arch of 4%, a normal foot arch of 89%, and a high foot arch of 7%. The median right plantar pressure was 273.5 KPa, while the median left plantar pressure was 253.5 KPa. The Mann-Whitney test showed a p-value of 0.954 for the pressure difference between right and left foot. There was no plantar pressure difference between the right and left foot.
Latar belakang: Antropologi masih memperlihatkan ketertarikan dalam membandingkan struktur skeletal dan lokomosi antara manusia dan primata. Manusia dikatakan berkembang menjadi bipedal karena proses evolusi ribuan tahun dari primata. Metode: Penelitian ini membahas perubahan anatomi yang terjadi pada quadrupedal dan bipedalsecara umum kemudian mengkhususkan pada anatomi skeleton apendiculare, komparasinya dan hubungannya dengan lokomosi. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan pada beberapa detil tulang antara bipedal dan quadrupedal. Kesimpulan: Bentuk tulang pada manusia bipedal dan primata quadrupedal mirip tetapi terdapat perbedaan pada ukurandan bentuk dari skeleton appendicularnya yang menyebabkan perbedaanpembagian/penerusan beban, berbedaan lokomosi dan perbedaan energi yang diperlukan untuk melakukan lokomosi.
Most of the studies examining the foot classified the foot arch into three types based on the index value by normal, low, and high. The varied foot arch structure caused an abnormal form of alignment require the foot to gain greater effort in performing its functions. This study aims to see the difference in energy expenditure during walking on three-foot arch types calculated by measuring oxygen consumption. The 24 students at the Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta were divided equally into three groups of foot arch type. The selected foot arch type was based on the footprint ratio index. Each student walked without footwear for 6 minutes on a treadmill connected with a breath-by-breath automated gas-analysis system (FitMate Pro, Cosmed, Italy), while the oxygen consumption was calculated. The walking speed used was the most comfortable walking speed chosen by the students. The results showed that the lowarched type had the highest tendency of body weight, height, and body mass index, compared to the other two-foot arch types. Data analysis of oxygen consumption during walking on all three-foot arch types showed a significant difference (p=0.000). The smallest oxygen consumption is in the normal-arched type while the high-arched type, and the greatest is in the low-arched type. The foot arch type affects energy consumption during walking. The least energy consumption during walking is in normal-arched type, and the greatest one is in low-arched type.
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